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However, there is a paucity of data regarding the long-term effects of particulate matter (PM) on lung function among the elderly. This study evaluated the exposure-response relationship between ambient PM and different lung function indices among the elderly in Taiwan. A cross-sectional survey of individuals aged \u226565 years was conducted in Taiwan from October 2015 to September 2016. Those who attended the annual health examination for the elderly in five hospitals of varying background PM concentrations were enrolled. The long-term (2015 annual mean concentration) exposure to air pollution was estimated by the Kriging method at the residence of each subject. The association between ambient PM exposure and lung function was evaluated by linear regression modeling, with adjustments for age, sex, height, weight, educational attainment, presence of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking status, season, and co-pollutants. There were 1241 subjects (mean age, 70.5 years). The mean residential PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    in 2015 was 26.02 and 18.01\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. After adjustments for confounders and co-pollutants, the FVC decrease was best associated with fine particles (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), whereas the FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , FEF\n                    <jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>\n                    , FEF\n                    <jats:sub>25%<\/jats:sub>\n                    and FEF\n                    <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreases were best associated with coarse particles (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). An IQR (10\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) increase in PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreased FVC by 106.38\u2009ml (4.47%), while an IQR (7.29\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) increase in PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreased FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and FEF\n                    <jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>\n                    by 91.23\u2009ml (4.85%) and 104.44\u2009ml\/s (5.58%), respectively. Among the Taiwanese elderly, long-term PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure mainly decreases the vital capacity of lung function. Moreover, PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub>\n                    has a stronger negative effect on the function of conductive airways than PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51307-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T07:22:28Z","timestamp":1571124148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The effects of fine and coarse particulate matter on lung function among the elderly"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chi-Hsien","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Da","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Che","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dachen","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7082-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jih-I","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Wei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Liang Leon","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"51307_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00008504","volume":"25","author":"K Stavem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stavem, K. et al. Lung function, smoking and mortality in a 26-year follow-up of healthy middle-aged males. The European respiratory journal 25, 618\u2013625, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00008504 (2005).","journal-title":"The European respiratory journal"},{"key":"51307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00042410","volume":"36","author":"HM Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, H. M., Le, H., Lee, B. T., Lopez, V. A. & Wong, N. D. Forced vital capacity paired with Framingham Risk Score for prediction of all-cause mortality. The European respiratory journal 36, 1002\u20131006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00042410 (2010).","journal-title":"The European respiratory journal"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"51307_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s23","volume":"103","author":"B Brunekreef","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brunekreef, B., Dockery, D. W. & Krzyzanowski, M. 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American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 191, 656\u2013664, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201410-1875OC (2015).","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine"},{"key":"51307_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.021","volume":"137","author":"CH Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., Chan, C. C., Chen, B. Y., Cheng, T. J. & Leon Guo, Y. Effects of particulate air pollution and ozone on lung function in non-asthmatic children. Environmental research 137, 40\u201348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.021 (2015).","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"51307_CR7","unstructured":"EPA, D. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. 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