{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:50:59Z","timestamp":1787003459446,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Heisenberg"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Heisenberg"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Working memory capacity, an essential prerequisite for language learning and the development of arithmetic skills, has been reported as deficient in children with reading disorder (RD) and attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder (AD(H)D). However, few studies to date have explored potential associations of working memory impairments and foreign language learning, mathematical skills and school achievement in these groups, in particular in children with a comorbidity of both. In the present study, we assessed working memory, language learning, arithmetic fluency and academic achievement in children (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009166;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    14.3, range 8\u201318\u2009y), including typically-developing children (n\u2009=\u200989), subjects with RD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200927), AD(H)D (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200943), and a comorbidity (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915). While children with AD(H)D performed similar to typically developing children on all tasks, RD children performed weakly on various language learning and working memory tasks, with major deficits in non-word span, phonetic memory and vocabulary learning. Combining weaknesses of the two groups, children with a comorbidity further performed significantly worse on arithmetic skills, learning of sound-symbol combinations and simple digit span forward. The findings suggest a reconsideration of working memory and learning impairments in AD(H)D, while highlighting the additional weaknesses of comorbid children and pointing out severe foreign language learning difficulties in RD children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51372-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T07:06:43Z","timestamp":1571814403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cognitive and Behavioural Weaknesses in Children with Reading Disorder and AD(H)D"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Turker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Seither-Preisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne Maria","family":"Reiterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"51372_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision), https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en (2018)."},{"key":"51372_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/11.9.581","volume":"11","author":"LS Siegel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S. Perspectives on dyslexia. Paediatrics & child health 11, 581\u2013587 (2006).","journal-title":"Paediatrics & child health"},{"key":"51372_CR3","unstructured":"Turker, S. Exploring the neurofunctional underpinning of developmental dyslexia: a review focusing on dyslexic children in The Talking Species (ed. Marin, M. & Luef, E.) 337\u2013377 (Uni Graz Press, 2018)."},{"key":"51372_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858","volume":"130","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bishop, D. V. M. & Snowling, M. J. Developmental Dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment: Same or Different? Psychological Bulletin 130, 858\u2013886 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"51372_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00488.x","volume":"9","author":"F Ramus","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramus, F., White, S. & Frith, U. Weighing the evidence between competing theories of dyslexia. Developmental Science 9, 265\u2013269 (2006).","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"51372_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210701508822","volume":"61","author":"F Ramus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramus, F. & Szenkovits, G. What Phonological Deficit? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61, 129\u2013141 (2008).","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"51372_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-016-0136-0","volume":"67","author":"X Schmalz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmalz, X., Alto\u00e8, G. & Mulatti, C. Statistical learning and dyslexia: A systematic review. Annals of Dyslexia 67(2), 147\u2013162 (2017).","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"51372_CR8","unstructured":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (American Psychiatric Association, 2017)."},{"key":"51372_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","volume":"57","author":"E Willcutt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willcutt, E., Doyle, A., Nigg, J., Faraone, S. & Pennington, B. Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1336\u20131346 (2005).","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serrallach, B. et al. Neural Biomarkers for Dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the Auditory Cortex of Children. Frontiers in Neuroscience 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2016.00324 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00324"},{"key":"51372_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494748","volume":"35","author":"E German\u00f2","year":"2010","unstructured":"German\u00f2, E., Gagliano, A. & Curatolo, P. Comorbidity of ADHD and Dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology 35, 475\u2013493 (2010).","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2701_3","volume":"27","author":"E Willcutt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willcutt, E., Pennington, B., Olson, R., Chhabildas, N. & Hulslander, J. Neuropsychological Analyses of Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: In Search of the Common Deficit. Developmental Neuropsychology 27, 35\u201378 (2005).","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1225007","volume":"39","author":"O Moura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moura, O. et al. Neurocognitive functioning in children with developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Multiple deficits and diagnostic accuracy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 39, 296\u2013312 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/741940997","volume":"4","author":"A Conway","year":"1996","unstructured":"Conway, A. Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity: More Evidence for a General Capacity Theory. Memory 4, 577\u2013590 (1996).","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"51372_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. The concept of working memory: A view of its current state and probable future development in Exploring Working Memory: Selected Works of Alan Baddeley (ed. Baddeley, A.) 99\u2013106 (Routledge\/Taylor & Francis, 2017).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315111261-9"},{"key":"51372_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.11.003","volume":"106","author":"T Alloway","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alloway, T. & Alloway, R. Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 106, 20\u201329 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.158","volume":"105","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S. & Papagno, C. The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review 105, 158\u2013173 (1998).","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"51372_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444816000276","volume":"50","author":"Z Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen, Z., Biedro\u0144, A. & Skehan, P. Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Language Teaching 50, 1\u201331 (2016).","journal-title":"Language Teaching"},{"key":"51372_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.05.014","volume":"10","author":"V Menon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menon, V. Working memory in children\u2019s math learning and its disruption in dyscalculia. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 10, 125\u2013132 (2016).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"51372_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201","volume":"4","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 829\u2013839 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"51372_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Z. Working Memory and Second Language Learning: Towards an Integrated Approach. (Multilingual Matters, 2016).","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783095735"},{"key":"51372_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00154","volume":"16","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dehaene, S. Precis of The Number Sense. Mind and Language 16, 16\u201336 (2001).","journal-title":"Mind and Language"},{"key":"51372_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12152","volume":"17","author":"I Lyons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyons, I., Price, G., Vaessen, A., Blomert, L. & Ansari, D. Numerical predictors of arithmetic success in grades 1-6. Developmental Science 17, 714\u2013726 (2014).","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"51372_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J. & Hitch, G. Children\u2019s mental arithmetic and working memory in The Development of Mathematical Skills (ed. Donlan, C.) 153\u2013173 (Psychology Press, 1998).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315784755-10"},{"key":"51372_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.10.001","volume":"96","author":"U Andersson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andersson, U. & Lyxell, B. Working memory deficit in children with mathematical difficulties: A general or specific deficit? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 96, 197\u2013228 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.04.002","volume":"88","author":"M Passolunghi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Passolunghi, M. & Siegel, L. Working memory and access to numerical information in children with disability in mathematics. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 88, 348\u2013367 (2004).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414547221","volume":"49","author":"K Moll","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moll, K., G\u00f6bel, S., Gooch, D., Landerl, K. & Snowling, M. Cognitive Risk Factors for Specific Learning Disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities 49, 272\u2013281 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"51372_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317856","volume":"41","author":"K Schuchardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuchardt, K., Maehler, C. & Hasselhorn, M. Working Memory Deficits in Children with Specific Learning Disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities 41, 514\u2013523 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"51372_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500205700","volume":"28","author":"R Martinussen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martinussen, R. & Tannock, R. Working Memory Impairments in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with and without Comorbid Language Learning Disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28, 1073\u20131094 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.08.003","volume":"93","author":"S Gathercole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gathercole, S., Alloway, T., Willis, C. & Adams, A. Working memory in children with reading disabilities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 93, 265\u2013281 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2477","volume":"72","author":"H Swanson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swanson, H. Reading Comprehension and Working Memory in Learning-Disabled Readers: Is the Phonological Loop More Important Than the Executive System? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 72, 1\u201331 (1999).","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409331958","volume":"42","author":"H Swanson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Swanson, H., Zheng, X. & Jerman, O. Working Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Reading Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities 42, 260\u2013287 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"51372_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1127896","volume":"38","author":"R Fried","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fried, R. et al. Clinical correlates of working memory deficits in youth with and without ADHD: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 38, 487\u2013496 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.07.001","volume":"32","author":"L Kasper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kasper, L., Alderson, R. & Hudec, K. Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 32, 605\u2013617 (2012).","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"51372_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73","volume":"44","author":"R Martinussen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S. & Tannock, R. A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American academy of child & adolescent psychiatry 44, 377\u2013384 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of the American academy of child & adolescent psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0447-1","volume":"47","author":"M Kofler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kofler, M. et al. Do working memory deficits underlie reading problems in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47, 433\u2013446 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2017.1422508","volume":"43","author":"V Plourde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plourde, V. et al. Cognitive mechanisms underlying the associations between inattention and reading abilities. Developmental neuropsychology 43, 92\u2013105 (2018).","journal-title":"Developmental neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710370674","volume":"15","author":"P Sowerby","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sowerby, P., Seal, S. & Tripp, G. Working Memory Deficits in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 15, 461\u2013472 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"51372_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/096)","volume":"48","author":"H Catts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Catts, H., Adlof, S., Hogan, T. & Weismer, S. Are Specific Language Impairment and Dyslexia Distinct Disorders? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, 1378\u20131396 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"51372_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409345018","volume":"43","author":"K Chung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chung, K. & Ho, C. Second Language Learning Difficulties in Chinese Children with Dyslexia: What are the Reading-Related Cognitive Skills that Contribute to English and Chinese Word Reading? Journal of Learning Disabilities 43, 195\u2013211 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"51372_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(200004\/06)6:2<101::AID-DYS154>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"6","author":"D Downey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Downey, D., Snyder, L. & Hill, B. College students with dyslexia: persistent linguistic deficits and foreign language learning. Dyslexia 6, 101\u2013111 (2000).","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"51372_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-005-9166-1","volume":"34","author":"C Ho","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ho, C. & Fong, K. Do Chinese Dyslexic Children Have Difficulties Learning English as a Second Language? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 34, 603\u2013618 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"51372_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00619","volume":"41","author":"N Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen, N. et al. The Interface between ADHD and Language Impairment: An Examination of Language, Achievement, and Cognitive Processing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, 353\u2013362 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0587-1","volume":"38","author":"H Geurts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geurts, H. & Embrechts, M. Language Profiles in ASD, SLI, and ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38, 1931\u20131943 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"51372_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12082","volume":"54","author":"E Staikova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Staikova, E., Gomes, H., Tartter, V., McCabe, A. & Halperin, J. Pragmatic deficits and social impairment in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 1275\u20131283 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2011.12.002","volume":"22","author":"J Gut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gut, J., Heckmann, C., Meyer, C., Schmid, M. & Grob, A. Language skills, mathematical thinking, and achievement motivation in children with ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders, and normal controls. Learning and Individual Differences 22, 375\u2013379 (2012).","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"51372_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327035ex1401_5","volume":"14","author":"D Lucangeli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lucangeli, D. & Cabrele, S. Mathematical Difficulties and ADHD. Exceptionality 14, 53\u201362 (2006).","journal-title":"Exceptionality"},{"key":"51372_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(02)00100-0","volume":"40","author":"T Barry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barry, T., Lyman, R. & Klinger, L. Academic Underachievement and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of School Psychology 40, 259\u2013283 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1348\/000709901158389","volume":"71","author":"C Merrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Merrell, C. & Tymms, P. Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness: Their impact on academic achievement and progress. British Journal of Educational Psychology 71, 43\u201356 (2001).","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040601112773","volume":"13","author":"S Mayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayes, S. & Calhoun, S. Learning, Attention, Writing, and Processing Speed in Typical Children and Children with ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, Depression, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder. Child Neuropsychology 13, 469\u2013493 (2007).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0023-8333.2005.00292.x","volume":"55","author":"R Sparks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sparks, R., Javorsky, J. & Philips, L. Comparison of the Performance of College Students Classified as ADHD, LD, and LD\/ADHD in Foreign Language Courses. Language Learning 55, 151\u2013177 (2005).","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"51372_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02312.x","volume":"52","author":"D Gooch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gooch, D., Snowling, M. & Hulme, C. Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and\/or ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, 195\u2013203 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040701821752","volume":"14","author":"MY Kibby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kibby, M. Y. & Cohen, M. J. Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and\/or attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical investigation of their working memory and long-term memory functioning. Child Neuropsychology 14, 525\u2013546 (2008).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"51372_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712461530","volume":"20","author":"W Helland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helland, W., Posserud, M., Helland, T., Heimann, M. & Lundervold, A. Lanugage Impairments in Children with AD(H)D and in Children with Reading Disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders 20, 581\u2013589 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"51372_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meara, P. LLAMA Language Aptitude Tests: The Manual. (Lognostics, 2005).","DOI":"10.1037\/t88467-000"},{"key":"51372_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.v3i2.55","volume":"3","author":"S Vogel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vogel, S. et al. Processing the order of symbolic numbers: A reliable and unique predictor of arithmetic fluency. Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, 288\u2013308 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Numerical Cognition"},{"key":"51372_CR57","unstructured":"Lenhard, W. & Schneider, W. ELFE 1\u20136: ein Leseverst\u00e4ndnistest f\u00fcr Erst- bis Sechstkl\u00e4ssler. (Hogrefe, 2006)."},{"key":"51372_CR58","unstructured":"May, P. Hamburger Schreib-Probe 1\u201310. (Verlag f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogische Medien, 2012)."},{"key":"51372_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000121393","volume":"60","author":"M Brunner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brunner, M. et al. Heidelberg Phoneme Discrimination Test (HLAD): Normative Data for Children of the Third Grade and Correlation with Spelling Ability. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 60, 157\u2013161 (2008).","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"key":"51372_CR60","unstructured":"Wei\u00df, R. Grundintelligenztest Skala 2 - Revision. (Hogrefe, Verl. fu\u0308r Psychologie, 2006)."},{"key":"51372_CR61","unstructured":"Lehrl, S., Gallwitz, A., Blaha, L. & Fischer, B. Kurztest fu\u0308r Allgemeine Intelligenz. (Vless, 1992)."},{"key":"51372_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.22599\/jesla.24","volume":"1","author":"V Rogers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogers, V., Meara, P., Barnett-Legh, T., Curry, C. & Davie, E. Examining the LLAMA aptitude tests. Journal of the European Second Language Association 1, 49\u201360 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of the European Second Language Association"},{"key":"51372_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0942-5403.9.2.116","volume":"9","author":"B Br\u00fchl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Br\u00fchl, B., D\u00f6pfner, M. & Lehmkuhl, G. Der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen f\u00fcr hyperkinetische St\u00f6rungen (FBB-HKS) - Pr\u00e4valenz hyperkinetischer St\u00f6rungen im Elternurteil und psychometrische Kriterien. Kindheit und Entwicklung 9, 116\u2013126 (2000).","journal-title":"Kindheit und Entwicklung"},{"key":"51372_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"51372_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200502000-00010","volume":"44","author":"T Klingberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klingberg, T. et al. Computerized Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD-A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 44, 177\u2013186 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"51372_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2010.517162","volume":"39","author":"S Beck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beck, S., Hanson, C., Puffenberger, S., Benninger, K. & Benninger, W. A Controlled Trial of Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 39, 825\u2013836 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028228","volume":"49","author":"M Melby-Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melby-Lerv\u00e5g, M. & Hulme, C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology 49, 270\u2013291 (2013).","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/08856250500055743","volume":"20","author":"G Andreou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andreou, G., Agapitou, P. & Karapetsas, A. Verbal skills in children with ADHD. European Journal of Special Needs Education 20, 231\u2013238 (2005).","journal-title":"European Journal of Special Needs Education"},{"key":"51372_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400010401","volume":"40","author":"T Frazier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frazier, T., Youngstrom, E., Glutting, J. & Watkins, M. ADHD and Achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities 40, 49\u201365 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"51372_CR70","first-page":"44","volume":"2","author":"C Gualtieri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gualtieri, C. & Johnson, L. ADHD: Is objective diagnosis possible? Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2, 44\u201353 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"51372_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919454","volume":"18","author":"G August","year":"1990","unstructured":"August, G. & Garfinkel, B. Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 18, 29\u201345 (1990).","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.3.511","volume":"29","author":"B Pennington","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pennington, B., Groisser, D. & Welsh, M. Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability. Developmental Psychology 29, 511\u2013523 (1993).","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"51372_CR73","unstructured":"Stern, E. & Neubauer, A. Intelligenz - Gro\u00dfe Unterschiede und Ihre Folgen. (DVA, 2013)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-51372-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-51372-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-51372-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1721899601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-51372-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51372-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15185"}}