{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:50:10Z","timestamp":1777445410454,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in infants less than age 1 year. UTIs frequently recur and result in long-term effects include sepsis and renal scarring. Uropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (UPEC), the most prevalent organism found in UTIs, can cause host inflammation via various virulence factors including hemolysin and cytotoxic necrotizing factors by inducing inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2. However, the ability of each UPEC organism to induce IL-1\u03b2 production may differ by strain. Furthermore, the correlation between differential IL-1\u03b2 induction and its relevance in pathology has not been well studied. In this study, we isolated UPEC from children under age 24 months and infected bone-marrow derived macrophages with the isolates to investigate secretion of IL-1\u03b2. We found that children with higher concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were more likely to harbor phylotype B2 UPEC strains that induced more IL-1\u03b2 production than phylotype D. We also observed a significant correlation between serum CRP level and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> IL-1\u03b2 induction by phylotype B2 UPEC bacteria. Our results highlight the diversity of UPEC in terms of IL-1\u03b2 induction capacity in macrophages and suggest a potential pathogenic role in UTIs by inducing inflammation in infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52070-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T20:29:05Z","timestamp":1572467345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential interleukin-1\u03b2 induction by uropathogenic Escherichia coli correlates with its phylotype and serum C-reactive protein levels in Korean infants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jong-Hyeok","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Gharderpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Young","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bum-Seo","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung Choul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Yong","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Uk","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"52070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","volume":"13","author":"AL Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M. & Hultgren, S. J. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 13, 269\u2013284, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3432 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2006.02.011","volume":"53","author":"SL Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang, S. L. & Shortliffe, L. D. Pediatric urinary tract infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 53, 379\u2013400, vi, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2006.02.011 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"52070_CR3","first-page":"S101","volume":"4","author":"J Winberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Winberg, J., Bergstrom, T. & Jacobsson, B. Morbidity, age and sex distribution, recurrences and renal scarring in symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Kidney Int Suppl 4, S101\u2013106 (1975).","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"52070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637-+","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2011.04.004","volume":"29","author":"RG Bhat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhat, R. G., Katy, T. A. & Place, F. C. Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 29, 637-+, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2011.04.004 (2011).","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America"},{"key":"52070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2004.00251.x","volume":"6","author":"JM Bower","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bower, J. M., Eto, D. S. & Mulvey, M. A. Covert operations of uropathogenic Escherichia coli within the urinary tract. Traffic 6, 18\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2004.00251.x (2005).","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"52070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2174\/138945012803530206","volume":"13","author":"M Totsika","year":"2012","unstructured":"Totsika, M. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infection. Curr Drug Targets 13, 1386\u20131399 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"52070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4827-4835.2004","volume":"72","author":"R Selvarangan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selvarangan, R. et al. Interaction of Dr adhesin with collagen type IV is a critical step in Escherichia coli renal persistence. Infect Immun 72, 4827\u20134835, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4827-4835.2004 (2004).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"52070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.13.3680-3686.1995","volume":"177","author":"EV Sokurenko","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sokurenko, E. V., Courtney, H. S., Maslow, J., Siitonen, A. & Hasty, D. L. Quantitative differences in adhesiveness of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli due to structural differences in fimH genes. J Bacteriol 177, 3680\u20133686 (1995).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"52070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00605-12","volume":"81","author":"TA Garcia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garcia, T. A., Ventura, C. L., Smith, M. A., Merrell, D. S. & O\u2019Brien, A. D. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 and hemolysin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli elicit different host responses in the murine bladder. Infect Immun 81, 99\u2013109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00605-12 (2013).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"52070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.09.033","volume":"108","author":"T Sugawara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sugawara, T. et al. Structural basis for pore-forming mechanism of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. Toxicon 108, 226\u2013231, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.09.033 (2015).","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"52070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F43","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00471.2016","volume":"312","author":"B Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Inflammation drives renal scarring in experimental pyelonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 312, F43\u2013F53, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00471.2016 (2017).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"52070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftw062","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw062","volume":"74","author":"Lana Sundac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundac, L. et al. Protein-based profiling of the immune response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli in adult patients immediately following hospital admission for acute cystitis. Pathog Dis 74, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftw062 (2016).","journal-title":"Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"52070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00819.x","volume":"12","author":"JN Sheu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheu, J. N. et al. Urine interleukin-1beta in children with acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Nephrology (Carlton) 12, 487\u2013493, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00819.x (2007).","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"52070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005848","volume":"12","author":"I Ambite","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ambite, I. et al. Molecular Basis of Acute Cystitis Reveals Susceptibility Genes and Immunotherapeutic Targets. PLoS Pathog 12, e1005848, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005848 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"52070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500374112","volume":"112","author":"K Nagamatsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagamatsu, K. et al. Dysregulation of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin expression alters the course of acute and persistent urinary tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112, E871\u2013880, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1500374112 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"52070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13701","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C114.548982","volume":"289","author":"R Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta, R. et al. RNA and beta-hemolysin of group B Streptococcus induce interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes in mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem 289, 13701\u201313705, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.C114.548982 (2014).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"52070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.004","volume":"42","author":"SU Seo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seo, S. U. et al. Distinct Commensals Induce Interleukin-1beta via NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Monocytes to Promote Intestinal Inflammation in Response to Injury. Immunity 42, 744\u2013755, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.004 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"52070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1192730","volume":"7","author":"AC Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, A. C., Krishnan, S. & Prasadarao, N. V. The effects of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 expression in the uptake of Escherichia coli K1 by macrophages and the onset of meningitis in newborn mice. Virulence 7, 806\u2013818, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2016.1192730 (2016).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"52070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01987","volume":"9","author":"H Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Downregulates CD36 Transcription in Macrophages to Induce Inflammation During Acute Urinary Tract Infections. Front Immunol 9, 1987, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01987 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"52070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004732","volume":"11","author":"M Diabate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diabate, M. et al. Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin counteracts the anti-virulence innate immune response triggered by the Rho GTPase activating toxin CNF1 during bacteremia. PLoS Pathog 11, e1004732, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004732 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"52070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv424","volume":"213","author":"AJ Carey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carey, A. J. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Engages CD14-Dependent Signaling to Enable Bladder-Macrophage-Dependent Control of Acute Urinary Tract Infection. J Infect Dis 213, 659\u2013668, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv424 (2016).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"52070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.006","volume":"156","author":"M Schiwon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiwon, M. et al. Crosstalk between sentinel and helper macrophages permits neutrophil migration into infected uroepithelium. Cell 156, 456\u2013468, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.006 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"52070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.05.011","volume":"216","author":"NJ Bokil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bokil, N. J. et al. Intramacrophage survival of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: differences between diverse clinical isolates and between mouse and human macrophages. Immunobiology 216, 1164\u20131171, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.05.011 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"52070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12397","volume":"17","author":"CH Mavromatis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mavromatis, C. H. et al. The co-transcriptome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected mouse macrophages reveals new insights into host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 17, 730\u2013746, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12397 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/39376","volume":"389","author":"DM Baorto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baorto, D. M. et al. Survival of FimH-expressing enterobacteria in macrophages relies on glycolipid traffic. Nature 389, 636\u2013639, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/39376 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"52070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12306","volume":"16","author":"M Bens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bens, M. et al. Flagellin\/TLR5 signalling activates renal collecting duct cells and facilitates invasion and cellular translocation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cell Microbiol 16, 1503\u20131517, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12306 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00081","volume":"8","author":"I Demirel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Demirel, I. et al. Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Is Virulence Factor-Dependent and Influences Colonization of Bladder Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8, 81, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00081 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01230.x","volume":"10","author":"MA Ingersoll","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ingersoll, M. A., Kline, K. A., Nielsen, H. V. & Hultgren, S. J. G-CSF induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity. Cell Microbiol 10, 2568\u20132578, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01230.x (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayes, B. W. & Abraham, S. N. Innate Immune Responses to Bladder Infection. Microbiol Spectr 4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0024-2016 (2016).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0024-2016"},{"key":"52070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.6.899","volume":"69","author":"G Godaly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Godaly, G. et al. Neutrophil recruitment, chemokine receptors, and resistance to mucosal infection. J Leukoc Biol 69, 899\u2013906 (2001).","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"52070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.46.3.839-844.1984","volume":"46","author":"L Hagberg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hagberg, L. et al. Difference in susceptibility to gram-negative urinary tract infection between C3H\/HeJ and C3H\/HeN mice. Infect Immun 46, 839\u2013844 (1984).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"52070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001042","volume":"6","author":"TJ Hannan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hannan, T. J., Mysorekar, I. U., Hung, C. S., Isaacson-Schmid, M. L. & Hultgren, S. J. Early severe inflammatory responses to uropathogenic E. coli predispose to chronic and recurrent urinary tract infection. PLoS Pathog 6, e1001042, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001042 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"52070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.164","volume":"187","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. H. & Park, Y. S. Risk factors for renal scar formation in infants with first episode of acute pyelonephritis: a prospective clinical study. J Urol 187, 1032\u20131036, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.164 (2012).","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"52070_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","volume":"66","author":"O Clermont","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clermont, O., Bonacorsi, S. & Bingen, E. Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 4555\u20134558 (2000).","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00751.x","volume":"8","author":"SL Fink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fink, S. L. & Cookson, B. T. Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages. Cell Microbiol 8, 1812\u20131825, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00751.x (2006).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076779","volume":"8","author":"YH Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. H., Peng, C. H., Liu, H. T. & Kuo, H. C. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein and nerve growth factor expressions in serum of patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. PLoS One 8, e76779, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076779 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"52070_CR37","first-page":"105","volume":"16","author":"SJ Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin, S. J. & Huang, J. L. Circulating interleukin (IL)\u22121 beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in children with febrile infection\u2013a comparison with C-reactive protein. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 16, 105\u2013109 (1998).","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"52070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.14712\/23362936.2014.2","volume":"115","author":"A Mahyar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahyar, A. et al. Are serum procalcitonin and interleukin-1 beta suitable markers for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children? Prague Med Rep 115, 16\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14712\/23362936.2014.2 (2014).","journal-title":"Prague Med Rep"},{"key":"52070_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12517","volume":"62","author":"JH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Phylogenetic group distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in South Korea. Lett Appl Microbiol 62, 84\u201390, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.12517 (2016).","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00243","volume":"9","author":"ACC Campos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campos, A. C. C. et al. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Urine Samples of Hospitalized Patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Front Microbiol 9, 243, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00243 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000247","volume":"65","author":"JP Lavigne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lavigne, J. P. et al. Resistance and virulence potential of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients hospitalized in urology departments: a French prospective multicentre study. J Med Microbiol 65, 530\u2013537, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.000247 (2016).","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01461.x","volume":"12","author":"M Sabate","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sabate, M., Moreno, E., Perez, T., Andreu, A. & Prats, G. Pathogenicity island markers in commensal and uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 12, 880\u2013886, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01461.x (2006).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"52070_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2231","volume":"13","author":"L Franchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franchi, L., Munoz-Planillo, R. & Nunez, G. Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes. Nat Immunol 13, 325\u2013332, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2231 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"52070_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.25","volume":"14","author":"C Hamilton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamilton, C., Tan, L., Miethke, T. & Anand, P. K. Immunity to uropathogens: the emerging roles of inflammasomes. Nat Rev Urol 14, 284\u2013295, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2017.25 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"52070_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/21541248.2015.1095698","volume":"6","author":"L Boyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boyer, L. & Lemichez, E. Switching Rho GTPase activation into effective antibacterial defenses requires the caspase-1\/IL-1beta signaling axis. Small GTPases 6, 186\u2013188, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21541248.2015.1095698 (2015).","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"52070_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1465786","volume":"9","author":"A M V Murthy","year":"2018","unstructured":"M V Murthy, A. et al. Regulation of hemolysin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli fine-tunes killing of human macrophages. Virulence 9, 967\u2013980, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2018.1465786 (2018).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"52070_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.08.015","volume":"1858","author":"LC Ristow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ristow, L. C. & Welch, R. A. Hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: A cloak or a dagger? Biochim Biophys Acta 1858, 538\u2013545, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.08.015 (2016).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"52070_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.44","volume":"9","author":"K Schaale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaale, K. et al. Strain- and host species-specific inflammasome activation, IL-1beta release, and cell death in macrophages infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mucosal Immunol 9, 124\u2013136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2015.44 (2016).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"52070_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01707.x","volume":"14","author":"Y Koizumi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koizumi, Y. et al. Inflammasome activation via intracellular NLRs triggered by bacterial infection. Cell Microbiol 14, 149\u2013154, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01707.x (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3541-3547.2000","volume":"68","author":"AS Khan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khan, A. S. et al. Receptor structure for F1C fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 68, 3541\u20133547 (2000).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"52070_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06517.x","volume":"1253","author":"A Varki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varki, A. & Gagneux, P. Multifarious roles of sialic acids in immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1253, 16\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06517.x (2012).","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"52070_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80489-4","volume":"188","author":"DA Monner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Monner, D. A. & Muhlradt, P. F. Surface expression of Forssman glycosphingolipid antigen on murine bone marrow-derived macrophages is subject to both temporal and population-specific regulation and is modulated by IL-4 and IL-6. Immunobiology 188, 82\u201398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80489-4 (1993).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"52070_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6481","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6481-6484.2002","volume":"70","author":"RA Hull","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hull, R. A. et al. Role of type 1 fimbria- and P fimbria-specific adherence in colonization of the neurogenic human bladder by Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 70, 6481\u20136484 (2002).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"52070_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02205.x","volume":"39","author":"M Hedlund","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hedlund, M. et al. Type 1 fimbriae deliver an LPS- and TLR4-dependent activation signal to CD14-negative cells. Mol Microbiol 39, 542\u2013552 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02449.x","volume":"48","author":"S Tosif","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tosif, S., Baker, A., Oakley, E., Donath, S. & Babl, F. E. Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: an observational cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health 48, 659\u2013664, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02449.x (2012).","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"52070_CR56","unstructured":"Kliegman, R., Behrman, R. E. & Nelson, W. E. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Edition 20\/edn, (Elsevier, 2016:2559)."},{"key":"52070_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-016-0345-8","volume":"11","author":"K Thomas-White","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas-White, K., Brady, M., Wolfe, A. J. & Mueller, E. R. The bladder is not sterile: History and current discoveries on the urinary microbiome. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep 11, 18\u201324, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11884-016-0345-8 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep"},{"key":"52070_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00388.x","volume":"52","author":"CM Abe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abe, C. M. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains may carry virulence properties of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 52, 397\u2013406, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00388.x (2008).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01566","volume":"8","author":"ME Terlizzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Terlizzi, M. E., Gribaudo, G. & Maffei, M. E. UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) Infections: Virulence Factors, Bladder Responses, Antibiotic, and Non-antibiotic Antimicrobial Strategies. Front Microbiol 8, 1566, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01566 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"52070_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2016.59.3.139","volume":"59","author":"SY Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, S. Y., Lee, I. R., Park, S. J., Kim, J. H. & Shin, J. I. Usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in young children with febrile urinary tract infection. Korean J Pediatr 59, 139\u2013144, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/kjp.2016.59.3.139 (2016).","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"52070_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22452\/mjs.vol28no1.1","volume":"28","author":"Ke xin Yu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yu, K. x. & Thong, K. L. Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli. Malaysian Journal of Science, 1\u201314%V 28, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22452\/mjs.vol28no1.1 (2009).","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Science"},{"key":"52070_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.01.025","volume":"17","author":"M Tarchouna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tarchouna, M., Ferjani, A., Ben-Selma, W. & Boukadida, J. Distribution of uropathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. Int J Infect Dis 17, e450\u2013453, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.01.025 (2013).","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"52070_CR63","unstructured":"Murray, P. R. & Baron, E. J. Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th edn, (ASM Press, 2007)."},{"key":"52070_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1258-2","volume":"30","author":"SM Soto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soto, S. M., Zuniga, S., Ulleryd, P. & Vila, J. Acquisition of a pathogenicity island in an Escherichia coli clinical isolate causing febrile urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30, 1543\u20131550, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1258-2 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"52070_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00164.x","volume":"5","author":"CR Usein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Usein, C. R. et al. Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from Romanian adult urinary tract infection cases. J Cell Mol Med 5, 303\u2013310 (2001).","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"52070_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0369-8114(03)00153-6","volume":"51","author":"P Licznar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Licznar, P. et al. Revised prevalence of afa+ Escherichia coli strains in acute pyelonephritis of children. Pathol Biol (Paris) 51, 512\u2013515 (2003).","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52070-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52070-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52070-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T15:06:37Z","timestamp":1671289597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52070-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52070-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15654"}}