{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:51:12Z","timestamp":1787003472050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA 2621\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 2621\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Clinical presentation of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) can be heterogeneous from asymptomatic expression to congestive heart failure. Deformation indices assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can determine subclinical alterations of myocardial function and have been reported to be more sensitive to functional changes than ejection fraction. The objective of the present study was to investigate the determinants of myocardial deformation indices in patients with LVNC. Twenty patients with LVNC (44.7\u2009\u00b1\u200914.0 years) and twenty age- and gender-matched controls (49.1\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4 years) underwent functional CMR imaging using an ECG-triggered steady state-free-precession sequence (SSFP). Deformation indices derived with a feature tracking algorithm were calculated including end-systolic global longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain (GCS), longitudinal and circumferential strain rate (SR\n                    <jats:sub>ll<\/jats:sub>\n                    and SR\n                    <jats:sub>cc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Twist and rotation were determined using an in-house developed post-processing pipeline. Global deformation indices (GLS, GCS, SR\n                    <jats:sub>ll<\/jats:sub>\n                    and SR\n                    <jats:sub>cc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were significantly lower in patients with LVNC compared to healthy controls (all, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), especially for midventricular and apical regions. Apical rotation and twist were impaired for LVNC (p\u2009=\u20090.007 and p\u2009=\u20090.012), but basal rotation was preserved. Deformation indices of strain, strain rate and twist correlated well with parameters of the non-compacted myocardium, but not with the total myocardial mass or the thinning of the compacted myocardium, e.g. r\u2009=\u20090.595 between GLS and the non-compacted mass (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In conclusion, CMR deformation indices are reduced in patients with LVNC especially in affected midventricular and apical slices. The impairment of all strain and twist parameters correlates well with the extent of non-compacted myocardium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52161-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T06:03:55Z","timestamp":1572847435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Determinants of myocardial function characterized by CMR-derived strain parameters in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mareike","family":"Gastl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gotschy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Polacin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Vishnevskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Sokolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix C.","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Alkadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kozerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Manka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"52161_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.2.507","volume":"82","author":"TK Chin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chin, T. K., Perloff, J. K., Williams, R. G., Jue, K. & Mohrmann, R. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation 82, 507\u201313 (1990).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"52161_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.6.666","volume":"86","author":"R Jenni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenni, R., Oechslin, E., Schneider, J., Attenhofer Jost, C. & Kaufmann, P. A. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86, 666\u201371 (2001).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"52161_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4065\/72.1.26","volume":"72","author":"M Ritter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ritter, M. et al. Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium in adults. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72, 26\u201331 (1997).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"52161_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305538","volume":"100","author":"K Kalam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalam, K., Otahal, P. & Marwick, T. H. Prognostic implications of global LV dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global longitudinal strain and ejection fraction. Heart 100, 1673\u201380 (2014).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"52161_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu184","volume":"16","author":"J-U Voigt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voigt, J.-U. et al. Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI\/ASE\/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur. Hear. J. - Cardiovasc. Imaging 16, 1\u201311 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J. - Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.182170","volume":"96","author":"D Bellavia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bellavia, D. et al. Speckle myocardial imaging modalities for early detection of myocardial impairment in isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Heart 96, 440\u2013447 (2010).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"52161_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv529","volume":"37","author":"OA Smiseth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smiseth, O. A., Torp, H., Opdahl, A., Haugaa, K. H. & Urheim, S. Myocardial strain imaging: how useful is it in clinical decision making? Eur. Heart J. 37, 1196\u20131207 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"52161_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.11.034","volume":"11","author":"I Eitel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eitel, I. et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Myocardial Feature Tracking for Optimized Prediction of Cardiovascular Events Following Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 11, 1433\u20131444 (2018).","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu181","volume":"16","author":"SJ Buss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buss, S. J. et al. Assessment of myocardial deformation with cardiac magnetic resonance strain imaging improves risk stratification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur. Hear. J. \u2013 Cardiovasc. Imaging 16, 307\u2013315 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J. \u2013 Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.05.100","volume":"246","author":"G Nucifora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nucifora, G. et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of left ventricular functional, morphological, and structural features in children and adolescents vs. young adults with isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Int. J. Cardiol. 246, 68\u201373 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"52161_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.045","volume":"46","author":"SE Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen, S. E. et al. Left Ventricular Non-Compaction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46, 101\u2013105 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"52161_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp595","volume":"31","author":"A Jacquier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacquier, A. et al. Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur. Heart J. 31, 1098\u20131104 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"52161_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2009.11.006","volume":"3","author":"KN Hor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hor, K. N. et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance feature tracking for strain calculation with harmonic phase imaging analysis. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging 3, 144\u201351 (2010).","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.08.006","volume":"10","author":"BM van Dalen","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Dalen, B. M. et al. Left ventricular solid body rotation in non-compaction cardiomyopathy: A potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion? Eur. J. Heart Fail. 10, 1088\u20131093 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"52161_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2610583","volume":"36","author":"V Vishnevskiy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vishnevskiy, V., Gass, T., Szekely, G., Tanner, C. & Goksel, O. Isotropic Total Variation Regularization of Displacements in Parametric Image Registration. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 36, 385\u2013395 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR16","unstructured":"Vishnevskiy, V. Deformable image registration (alignment) toolbox. GitHub repository (2018)."},{"key":"52161_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2015.12.004","volume":"29","author":"W Huizinga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huizinga, W. et al. PCA-based groupwise image registration for quantitative MRI. Med. Image Anal. 29, 65\u201378 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"52161_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0269-7","volume":"18","author":"G Pedrizzetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pedrizzetti, G., Claus, P., Kilner, P. J. & Nagel, E. Principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking and echocardiographic speckle tracking for informed clinical use. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 18, 51 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"52161_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24979","volume":"43","author":"JT Kowallick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kowallick, J. T. et al. Inter-study reproducibility of left ventricular torsion and torsion rate quantification using MR myocardial feature tracking. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 43, 128\u201337 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","volume":"18","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski, P. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 18, 891\u2013975 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"52161_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.064","volume":"236","author":"SF St\u00e4mpfli","year":"2017","unstructured":"St\u00e4mpfli, S. F. et al. Prognostic power of NT-proBNP in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol. 236, 321\u2013327 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"52161_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00755-5","volume":"36","author":"EN Oechslin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oechslin, E. N., Attenhofer Jost, C. H., Rojas, J. R., Kaufmann, P. A. & Jenni, R. Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 493\u2013500 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"52161_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0123-3","volume":"17","author":"F Andre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andre, F. et al. Age- and gender-related normal left ventricular deformation assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 17, 25 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"52161_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25894","volume":"47","author":"AM Maceira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maceira, A. M. et al. Feasibility and reproducibility of feature-tracking-based strain and strain rate measures of the left ventricle in different diseases and genders. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 47, 1415\u20131425 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"52161_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-12-46","volume":"12","author":"AA Phillips","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phillips, A. A., Cote, A. T., Bredin, S. S. & Warburton, D. E. Heart Disease and Left Ventricular Rotation \u2013 A Systematic Review and Quantitative Summary. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 12, 46 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"52161_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.07.015","volume":"32","author":"MJ Fung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fung, M. J., Thomas, L. & Leung, D. Y. Alterations in Layer-Specific Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal and Circumferential Strain in Patients With Aortic Stenosis: A Comparison of Aortic Valve Replacement versus Conservative Management Over a 12-Month Period. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 32, 92\u2013101 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52161-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52161-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52161-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T10:27:03Z","timestamp":1671272823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52161-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52161-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15882"}}