{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:06:22Z","timestamp":1785150382758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) increases the risk of malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. Kinematic analysis of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) can provide detailed movement of the hyoid bone, revealing abnormalities of swallowing in ALS patients. We developed an automated kinematic analysis program (AKAP) that analyzes the trajectory of the hyoid bone via a visual tracking method. The aim of this study was to investigate the hyoid movement in ALS patients using AKAP and compare it with non-dysphagic subjects. Thirty ALS patients who underwent VFSS in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between 2015 and 2017 were recruited. For comparison, 30 age-matched control subjects were also enrolled; the same swallowing study was conducted using thin fluid and yogurt. The hyoid bone movement was analyzed by evaluating the vertical and horizontal distances with four peak points (A, B, C, D), and the time of each point were also calculated. With respect to distance parameters, only vertical peak distance (distance between B, D points) during thin fluid swallowing was significantly decreased in ALS patients. (p\u2009=\u20090.038) With respect to temporal parameters, Time ABC, Time ABCD, and Duration C were significantly increased in ALS patients when swallowing both thin fluid and yogurt. (Time ABC p\u2009=\u20090.019, p\u2009=\u20090.002; Time ABCD p\u2009=\u20090.001, p\u2009=\u20090.004; Duration C p\u2009=\u20090.004, p\u2009=\u20090.025 respectively). This result revealed that dysphagia in ALS patient is caused by decreased velocity of hyoid bone movement due to the development of weakness in swallowing-related muscles. The parameters of kinematic analysis could be used to quantitatively evaluate dysphagia in motor neuron disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52246-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T20:29:05Z","timestamp":1572467345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Application of Automatic Kinematic Analysis Program for the Evaluation of Dysphagia in ALS patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ban Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Myoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulhyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Seok","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"52246_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.002","volume":"122","author":"I Aydogdu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aydogdu, I., Tanriverdi, Z. & Ertekin, C. Dysfunction of bulbar central pattern generator in ALS patients with dysphagia during sequential deglutition. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 122, 1219\u20131228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"52246_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050207","volume":"245","author":"C Briani","year":"1998","unstructured":"Briani, C. et al. Radiological evidence of subclinical dysphagia in motor neuron disease. J Neurol 245, 211\u2013216 (1998).","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"52246_CR3","first-page":"61","volume":"36","author":"JT Hughes","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hughes, J. T. Pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Neurol 36, 61\u201374 (1982).","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"52246_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1123","volume":"53","author":"A Chio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chio, A., Finocchiaro, E., Meineri, P., Bottacchi, E. & Schiffer, D. Safety and factors related to survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in ALS. ALS Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Study Group. Neurology 53, 1123\u20131125 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"52246_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6839.1406","volume":"304","author":"RH Park","year":"1992","unstructured":"Park, R. H. et al. Randomised comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 304, 1406\u20131409 (1992).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"52246_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-84","volume":"13","author":"S Korner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Korner, S. et al. Weight loss, dysphagia and supplement intake in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): impact on quality of life and therapeutic options. BMC Neurol 13, 84, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-13-84 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"52246_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-829","volume":"36","author":"B Fattori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fattori, B. et al. Comparison between videofluoroscopy, fiberoptic endoscopy and scintigraphy for diagnosis of oro-pharyngeal dysphagia. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 36, 395\u2013402, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14639\/0392-100X-829 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"52246_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.154.5.2108569","volume":"154","author":"WJ Dodds","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dodds, W. J., Stewart, E. T. & Logemann, J. A. Physiology and radiology of the normal oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154, 953\u2013963, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.154.5.2108569 (1990).","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"52246_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.07.007","volume":"36","author":"D Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, D. et al. Normal contractile algorithm of swallowing related muscles revealed by needle EMG and its comparison to videofluoroscopic swallowing study and high resolution manometry studies: A preliminary study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 36, 81\u201389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.07.007 (2017).","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"52246_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.6.1307","volume":"150","author":"WJ Dodds","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dodds, W. J. et al. Influence of bolus volume on swallow-induced hyoid movement in normal subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150, 1307\u20131309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.150.6.1307 (1988).","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"52246_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.016","volume":"94","author":"SI Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, S. I., Yoo, J. Y., Kim, M. & Ryu, J. S. Changes of timing variables in swallowing of boluses with different viscosities in patients with dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94, 120\u2013126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.016 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52246_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9325-5","volume":"26","author":"KH Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, K. H., Ryu, J. S., Kim, M. Y., Kang, J. Y. & Yoo, S. D. Kinematic analysis of dysphagia: significant parameters of aspiration related to bolus viscosity. Dysphagia 26, 392\u2013398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-011-9325-5 (2011).","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"52246_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9396-y","volume":"27","author":"JY Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang, J. Y., Choi, K. H., Yun, G. J., Kim, M. Y. & Ryu, J. S. Does removal of tracheostomy affect dysphagia? A kinematic analysis. Dysphagia 27, 498\u2013503, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-012-9396-y (2012).","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"52246_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9759-x","volume":"32","author":"JC Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, J. C. et al. A Supporting Platform for Semi-Automatic Hyoid Bone Tracking and Parameter Extraction from Videofluoroscopic Images for the Diagnosis of Dysphagia Patients. Dysphagia 32, 315\u2013326, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-016-9759-x (2017).","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"52246_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.10.1224","volume":"127","author":"KA Kendall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kendall, K. A. & Leonard, R. J. Hyoid movement during swallowing in older patients with dysphagia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127, 1224\u20131229 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"52246_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23962","volume":"82","author":"RJ Leonard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leonard, R. J., Kendall, K. A., Johnson, R. & McKenzie, S. Swallowing in myotonic muscular dystrophy: a videofluoroscopic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82, 979\u2013985, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.23962 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52246_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4305.1264","volume":"43","author":"JA Logemann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Logemann, J. A. et al. Temporal and biomechanical characteristics of oropharyngeal swallow in younger and older men. J Speech Lang Hear Res 43, 1264\u20131274 (2000).","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"52246_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-002-0064-5","volume":"17","author":"R Ishida","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ishida, R., Palmer, J. B. & Hiiemae, K. M. Hyoid motion during swallowing: factors affecting forward and upward displacement. Dysphagia 17, 262\u2013272, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-002-0064-5 (2002).","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"52246_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.09.011","volume":"18","author":"NJ Paik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paik, N. J. et al. Movement of the hyoid bone and the epiglottis during swallowing in patients with dysphagia from different etiologies. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 18, 329\u2013335, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.09.011 (2008).","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"52246_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1159\/000274517","volume":"56","author":"BS Kang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kang, B. S. et al. Influence of aging on movement of the hyoid bone and epiglottis during normal swallowing: a motion analysis. Gerontology 56, 474\u2013482, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000274517 (2010).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"52246_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.018","volume":"312","author":"C Tallon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tallon, C., Russell, K. A., Sakhalkar, S., Andrapallayal, N. & Farah, M. H. Length-dependent axo-terminal degeneration at the neuromuscular synapses of type II muscle in SOD1 mice. Neuroscience 312, 179\u2013189, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.018 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"52246_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168846","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168846","volume":"11","author":"S Yamada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamada, S. et al. Decreased Peak Expiratory Flow Associated with Muscle Fiber-Type Switching in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy. PloS one 11, e0168846, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168846 (2016).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"52246_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140304","volume":"14","author":"WG Bradley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bradley, W. G., Good, P., Rasool, C. G. & Adelman, L. S. Morphometric and biochemical studies of peripheral nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 14, 267\u2013277, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410140304 (1983).","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"52246_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.25.8.781","volume":"25","author":"PJ Dyck","year":"1975","unstructured":"Dyck, P. J., Stevens, J. C., Mulder, D. W. & Espinosa, R. E. Frequency of nerve fiber degeneration of peripheral motor and sensory neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Morphometry of deep and superficial peroneal nerves. Neurology 25, 781\u2013785, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.25.8.781 (1975).","journal-title":"Morphometry of deep and superficial peroneal nerves. Neurology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52246-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52246-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52246-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1671290046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52246-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52246-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15644"}}