{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T02:19:01Z","timestamp":1794709141266,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated gait performance utilizing a quantitative gait analysis for 2 groups: (1) idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) patients who had a positive response to the cerebrospinal fluid tap test (CSFTT) and (2) healthy controls. The aims of the study were (1) to analyze the characteristics of gait features, (2) to characterize changes in gait parameters before and after the CSFTT, and (3) to determine whether there was any relationship between stride time and stride length variability and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores in INPH patients. Twenty-three INPH patients and 17 healthy controls were included in this study. Compared with healthy controls, the gait of INPH patients was characterized by lower velocity, shorter stride length, and more broad-based gait. Patients with INPH had a longer stance phase with increased double-limb support. Variability in stride time and stride length was increased in INPH patients. Stride time and stride length variability were correlated with FAB score. After the CSFTT, gait velocity, stride length, and step width significantly improved. There were significant decreases in stride time and stride length variability. These results suggest that the CSFTT for INPH patients might improve the so-called balance-related gait parameter (ie, step width) as well. Stride time and stride length variability also responded to the CSFTT. Association between FAB scores and both stride time and stride length variability suggests involvement of similar circuits producing gait variability and frontal lobe functions in INPH patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52448-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1573124702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Quantitative Gait Analysis and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap Test for Idiopathic Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yong-Hyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan-Woo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Su","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyoo","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehwan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uicheul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyunghun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"52448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.12.008","volume":"7","author":"D Cabral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cabral, D. et al. Frequency of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology at autopsy in patients with clinical normal pressure hydrocephalus. Alzheimers Dement 7, 509\u2013513, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.12.008 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"52448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2531","volume":"32","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, M. J. et al. Differential diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from other dementias using diffusion tensor imaging. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 32, 1496\u20131503, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2531 (2011).","journal-title":"AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology"},{"key":"52448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301","volume":"273","author":"RD Adams","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams, R. D., Fisher, C. M., Hakim, S., Ojemann, R. G. & Sweet, W. H. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \u201cnormal\u201d cerebrospinal-fluid pressure: a treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med 273, 117\u2013126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301 (1965).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"52448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000093326.88757.49","volume":"24","author":"BK Owler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Owler, B. K. et al. Normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral blood flow: a PET study of baseline values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24, 17\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.WCB.0000093326.88757.49 (2004).","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"52448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.1.64","volume":"45","author":"C Wikkels\u00f8","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wikkels\u00f8, C., Andersson, H., Blomstrand, C. & Lindqvist, G. The clinical effect of lumbar puncture in normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45, 64\u201369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.45.1.64 (1982).","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"52448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.48.s1","volume":"48","author":"M Ishikawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishikawa, M. et al. Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 48(suppl), S1\u2013S23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.48.s1 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"52448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-6362(03)00068-7","volume":"20","author":"HB Menz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Menz, H. B., Latt, M. D., Tiedemann, A., Mun San Kwan, M. & Lord, S. R. Reliability of the GAITRite walkway system for the quantification of temporo-spatial parameters of gait in young and older people. Gait Posture 20, 20\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0966-6362(03)00068-7 (2004).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"52448_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-13","volume":"5","author":"CJ van Uden","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Uden, C. J. & Besser, M. P. Test-retest reliability of temporal and spatial gait characteristics measured with an instrumented walkway system (GAITRite). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 5, 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-5-13 (2004).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.19778","volume":"82","author":"AL McDonough","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDonough, A. L., Batavia, M., Chen, F. C., Kwon, S. & Ziai, J. The validity and reliability of the GAITRite system\u2019s measurements: A preliminary evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82, 419\u2013425, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.19778 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52448_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2002-17312","volume":"17","author":"AJ Nelson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nelson, A. J. et al. The validity of the GaitRite and the Functional Ambulation Performance scoring system in the analysis of Parkinson gait. NeuroRehabilitation 17, 255\u2013262 (2002).","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"52448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.08.007","volume":"13","author":"P Bugalho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bugalho, P. & Guimaraes, J. Gait disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a clinical study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13, 434\u2013437, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.08.007 (2007).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-0975-3","volume":"120","author":"P Bugalho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bugalho, P., Alves, L. & Miguel, R. Gait dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus: a comparative study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 120, 1201\u20131207, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-013-0975-3 (2013).","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"52448_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00362-x","volume":"111","author":"H Stolze","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stolze, H. et al. Gait analysis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus\u2013which parameters respond to the CSF tap test? Clin Neurophysiol 111, 1678\u20131686, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00362-x (2000).","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"52448_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.289","volume":"70","author":"H Stolze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stolze, H. et al. Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70, 289\u2013297, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.289 (2001).","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"52448_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03033998","volume":"21","author":"H Sasaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sasaki, H. et al. Cerebral perfusion pattern of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus studied by SPECT and statistical brain mapping. Ann Nucl Med 21, 39\u201345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03033998 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"52448_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000328972","volume":"32","author":"K Ishii","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishii, K. et al. A multicenter brain perfusion SPECT study evaluating idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus on neurological improvement. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32, 1\u201310, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000328972 (2011).","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR17","first-page":"219","volume":"60","author":"E Mori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mori, E. Gait disturbance in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 60, 219\u2013224 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo"},{"key":"52448_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.01.002","volume":"41","author":"J Stephenson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephenson, J. et al. Gait and balance in adults with Friedreich\u2019s ataxia. Gait Posture 41, 603\u2013607, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.01.002 (2015).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"52448_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x","volume":"45","author":"BE Maki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maki, B. E. Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear. J Am Geriatr Soc 45, 313\u2013320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x (1997).","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"52448_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","volume":"82","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hausdorff, J. M., Rios, D. A. & Edelberg, H. K. Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82, 1050\u20131056, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52448_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.10.061","volume":"29","author":"CK Balasubramanian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, C. K., Neptune, R. R. & Kautz, S. A. Variability in spatiotemporal step characteristics and its relationship to walking performance post-stroke. Gait Posture 29, 408\u2013414, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.10.061 (2009).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"52448_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3147408","volume":"19","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hausdorff, J. M. Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling. Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.) 19, 026113, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3147408 (2009).","journal-title":"Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)"},{"key":"52448_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","volume":"55","author":"B Dubois","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I. & Pillon, B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology 55, 1621\u20131626, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"52448_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000168185.29659.C5","volume":"57","author":"N Relkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Relkin, N., Marmarou, A., Klinge, P., Bergsneider, M. & Black, P. M. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 57(Suppl. 3), S4\u201316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000168185.29659.C5 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"52448_CR25","first-page":"300","volume":"15","author":"Y Kang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Na, D. L. & Hahn, S. A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Korean Neurol Assoc 15, 300\u2013308 (1997).","journal-title":"J Korean Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"52448_CR26","first-page":"585","volume":"19","author":"SH Choi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Choi, S. H. et al. Estimating the validity of the Korean version of expanded Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. J Korean Neurol Assoc 19, 585\u2013591 (2001).","journal-title":"J Korean Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"52448_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000111149","volume":"25","author":"Y Kubo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kubo, Y. et al. Validation of grading scale for evaluating symptoms of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25, 37\u201345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000111149 (2008).","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.9396","volume":"82","author":"P Rossier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rossier, P. & Wade, D. T. Validity and reliability comparison of 4 mobility measures in patients presenting with neurologic impairment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82, 9\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.9396 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52448_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","volume":"39","author":"D Podsiadlo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podsiadlo, D. & Richardson, S. The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39, 142\u2013148, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x (1991).","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"52448_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1996.24.2.86","volume":"24","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bohannon, R. W., Andrews, A. W. & Thomas, M. W. Walking speed: reference values and correlates for older adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 24, 86\u201390, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.1996.24.2.86 (1996).","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"52448_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-1","volume":"9","author":"M Ishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishikawa, M., Hashimoto, M., Mori, E., Kuwana, N. & Kazui, H. The value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap test for predicting shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 9, 1, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-9-1 (2012).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"52448_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90034-4","volume":"78","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hausdorff, J. M., Edelberg, H. K., Mitchell, S. L., Goldberger, A. L. & Wei, J. Y. Increased gait unsteadiness in community-dwelling elderly fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78, 278\u2013283, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90034-4 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"52448_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1021","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005168","volume":"90","author":"C Selge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selge, C. et al. Gait analysis in PSP and NPH: Dual-task conditions make the difference. Neurology 90, e1021\u2013e1028, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005168 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"52448_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199709000-00005","volume":"11","author":"T Nakamura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nakamura, T. et al. Postural and gait disturbance correlated with decreased frontal cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 11, 132\u2013139 (1997).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020","volume":"74","author":"Q Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian, Q. et al. The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia-A systematic review. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 74, 149\u2013162, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews"},{"key":"52448_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199410000-00006","volume":"19","author":"R Denays","year":"1994","unstructured":"Denays, R., Tondeur, M., Noel, P. & Ham, H. R. Bilateral cerebral mediofrontal hypoactivity in Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT imaging. Clin Nucl Med 19, 873\u2013876, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003072-199410000-00006 (1994).","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"52448_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6038-5","volume":"258","author":"S Kanno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanno, S. et al. White matter involvement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurol 258, 1949\u20131957, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-011-6038-5 (2011).","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"52448_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.035","volume":"273","author":"E Guedj","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guedj, E. et al. Frontal Assessment Battery is a marker of dorsolateral and medial frontal functions: A SPECT study in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Sci 273, 84\u201387, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.035 (2008).","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"52448_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0688","volume":"4","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Espay, A. J., Narayan, R. K., Duker, A. P., Barrett, E. T. Jr. & de Courten-Myers, G. Lower-body parkinsonism: reconsidering the threshold for external lumbar drainage. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4, 50\u201355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneuro0688 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"52448_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0237","volume":"2","author":"GL Gallia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallia, G. L., Rigamonti, D. & Williams, M. A. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2, 375\u2013381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneuro0237 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"52448_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21481","volume":"64","author":"JA Obeso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Obeso, J. A. et al. The basal ganglia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: current concepts and unexplained observations. Ann Neurol 64(Suppl 2), S30\u201346, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21481 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"52448_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.07.012","volume":"524","author":"T Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, T. et al. Basal ganglia circuits changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Neurosci Lett 524, 55\u201359, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.07.012 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"52448_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0791-2","volume":"252","author":"PH Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, P. H., Yong, S. W., Ahn, Y. H. & Huh, K. Correlation of midbrain diameter and gait disturbance in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol 252, 958\u2013963, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-005-0791-2 (2005).","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"52448_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090503","volume":"9","author":"T Curran","year":"1994","unstructured":"Curran, T. & Lang, A. E. Parkinsonian syndromes associated with hydrocephalus: case reports, a review of the literature, and pathophysiological hypotheses. Mov Disord 9, 508\u2013520, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870090503 (1994).","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"52448_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050553","volume":"40","author":"H Tohgi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tohgi, H. et al. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in senile dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s type and vascular dementia with deep white matter changes. Neuroradiology 40, 131\u2013137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002340050553 (1998).","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"52448_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00296","volume":"9","author":"MW Mosconi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mosconi, M. W., Wang, Z., Schmitt, L. M., Tsai, P. & Sweeney, J. A. The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 9, 296, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2015.00296 (2015).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"52448_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-174736","volume":"26","author":"MS Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon, M. S., Kwon, Y. R., Park, Y. S. & Kim, J. W. Comparison of gait patterns in elderly fallers and non-fallers. Technol Health Care 26, 427\u2013436, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/THC-174736 (2018).","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"key":"52448_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.06.032","volume":"414","author":"M Klarica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klarica, M., Rados, M. & Oreskovic, D. The Movement of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Relationship with Substances Behavior in Cerebrospinal and Interstitial Fluid. Neuroscience 414, 28\u201348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.06.032 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"52448_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.04.025","volume":"354","author":"D Oreskovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oreskovic, D., Rados, M. & Klarica, M. Role of choroid plexus in cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. Neuroscience 354, 69\u201387, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.04.025 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"52448_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15608521","volume":"36","author":"D Ziegelitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziegelitz, D. et al. Pre-and postoperative cerebral blood flow changes in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus measured by computed tomography (CT)-perfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 36, 1755\u20131766, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X15608521 (2016).","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"52448_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90329-5","volume":"23","author":"JS Meyer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Meyer, J. S. et al. Pathogenesis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus\u2013preliminary observations. Surg Neurol 23, 121\u2013133, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90329-5 (1985).","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"52448_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn232","volume":"131","author":"N Lenfeldt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lenfeldt, N. et al. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: increased supplementary motor activity accounts for improvement after CSF drainage. Brain 131, 2904\u20132912, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn232 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"52448_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.11.039","volume":"21","author":"K Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang, K., Ko, P. W., Jin, M., Suk, K. & Lee, H. W. Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and the cerebrospinal fluid tap test. J Clin Neurosci 21, 1398\u20131403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.11.039 (2014).","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52448-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52448-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52448-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T15:34:32Z","timestamp":1671291272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52448-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52448-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16255"}}