{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:55:58Z","timestamp":1790888158431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isovolumic relaxation flow (IRF) patterns in left ventricle (LV) and mitral inflow patterns. Color Doppler loops were acquired for vector flow mapping in apical long-axis view in 57 patients with coronary artery disease, 31 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 58 healthy controls. IRF patterns were classified into three categories: pattern A, apically directed flow; pattern B, bidirectional flow with small scattered vortices; and pattern C, a large vortex. All normals and patients with normal LV filling (n\u2009=\u200910) showed pattern A. Patients with impaired relaxation consisted of 31 (66%) patients having pattern A, 11 (23%) having pattern B, and 5 (11%) having pattern C. Patients with pseudonormal filling included 4 (31%) patients having pattern A, 7 (54%) having pattern B, and 2 (15%) having pattern C. In patients with restrictive filling, 14 (78%) showed pattern C, 4 (22%) showed pattern B, and no patient showed pattern A. IRF patterns were associated with LV filling patterns (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200952.026, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There are significant relationships between LV filling and IRF patterns. IRF patterns may provide an index for evaluation of LV diastolic function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52680-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1573124702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Relationship between left ventricular isovolumic relaxation flow patterns and mitral inflow patterns studied by using vector flow mapping"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"52680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(99)70184-7","volume":"12","author":"T Edvardsen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Edvardsen, T., Rodevand, O., Aakhus, S., Bjornerheim, R. & Ihlen, H. Reversal of intraventricular flow propagation during isovolumic relaxation: a marker of anterior wall dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 12, 801\u2013810 (1999).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.119113","volume":"15","author":"N Ohte","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ohte, N. et al. The mechanism of emergence and clinical significance of apically directed intraventricular flow during isovolumic relaxation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 715\u2013722 (2002).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1067\/j.echo.2003.08.005","volume":"16","author":"A Yanada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yanada, A. et al. The role of apically directied intraventricular isovolumic relaxation flow in speeding early diastolic left ventricular filling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 16, 1226\u20131230 (2003).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00887-5","volume":"85","author":"WC Voon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Voon, W. C., Lai, W. T. & Sheu, S. H. Role of left ventricular activation sequence in the genesis of isovolumic relaxation flow in the Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 85, 882\u2013885 (2000).","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"52680_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000006907","volume":"91","author":"N Ohte","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ohte, N. et al. Is the blood flow in the left ventricle during the isovolumic relaxation period a useful parameter of left ventricular systolic and early diastolic performance? Cardiology 91, 184\u2013188 (1999).","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"52680_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(05)80383-9","volume":"8","author":"N Ohte","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ohte, N. et al. Left ventricular isovolumic relaxation flow and left ventricular systolic performance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 8, 690\u2013695 (1995).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2004.12.008","volume":"18","author":"WC Voon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Voon, W. C. et al. Isovolumic relaxation flow propagation velocity in patients with diseases impairing ventricular relaxation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 18, 221\u2013225 (2005).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80024-2","volume":"4","author":"C Seiler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Seiler, C., Jenni, R. & Krayenbuehl, H. P. Intraventricular blood flow during isovolumetric relaxation and diastole in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 4, 247\u2013257 (1991).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.1996.tb00867.x","volume":"13","author":"RW Price","year":"1996","unstructured":"Price, R. W., Moody, J. M., Rubal, B. J. & McClure, J. W. Intraventricular flow during isovolumic relaxation: comparison of normal and paced ectopic excitation under varied loading conditions. Echocardiography 13, 57\u201364 (1996).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.06.055","volume":"109","author":"MS Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin, M. S. et al. Immediate impairment of left ventricular mechanical performance and force-frequency relation by rate-responsive dual-chamber, but not atrial pacing: implications from intraventricular isovolumic relaxation flow. Int J Cardiol. 109, 367\u2013374 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"52680_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2006.00259.x","volume":"23","author":"WC Voon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voon, W. C. et al. Preload independence of isovolumic relaxation flow propagation velocity. Echocardiography 23, 542\u2013545 (2006).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0742-2822.2004.03112.x","volume":"21","author":"WC Voon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Voon, W. C., Huang, C. H., Lin, T. H., Lai, W. T. & Sheu, S. H. High prevalence of isovolumic relaxation flow in healthy subjects. Echocardiography 21, 581\u2013585 (2004).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.06.017","volume":"33","author":"HM Su","year":"2007","unstructured":"Su, H. M. et al. Isovolumic relaxation flow propagation velocity: a promising load-independent relaxation parameter in hemodialysis patients. Ultrasound Med Biol. 33, 1889\u20131894 (2007).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"key":"52680_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13192","volume":"33","author":"H Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Intraventricular isovolumic relaxation flow patterns studied by using vector flow mapping. Echocardiography 33, 902\u2013909 (2016).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03181570","volume":"9","author":"S Ohtsuki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ohtsuki, S. & Tanaka, M. The flow velocity distribution from the Doppler information on a plane in three-dimensional flow. J Visual 9, 69\u201382 (2006).","journal-title":"J Visual"},{"key":"52680_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.02.017","volume":"36","author":"T Uejima","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uejima, T. et al. A new echocardiographic method for identifying vortex flow in the left ventricular: numerical validation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 36, 772\u2013788 (2010).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"key":"52680_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","volume":"16","author":"RM Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang, R. M. et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16, 233\u2013270 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"52680_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","volume":"29","author":"SF Nagueh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagueh, S. F. et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 29, 277\u2013314 (2016).","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"52680_CR19","unstructured":"Ohtsuki, S. & Tanaka, M. Method to estimate planar flow from Doppler velocity distribution in an observation plane. United States patent 5947903 September 7 (1999b)."},{"key":"52680_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2008.05.005","volume":"52","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanaka, M. et al. Blood flow structure and dynamics, and ejection mechanism in the left ventricle: analysis using echo-dynamography. J Cardiol. 52, 86\u2013101 (2008).","journal-title":"J Cardiol."},{"key":"52680_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112005005550","volume":"539","author":"F Domenichini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Domenichini, F., Pedrizzetti, G. & Baccani, B. Three-dimensional filling flow into a model left ventricle. J Fluid Mech. 539, 179\u2013198 (2005).","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech."},{"key":"52680_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.013","volume":"40","author":"F Mehregan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehregan, F. et al. Doppler vortography: a color Doppler approach to quantification of intraventricular blood flow vortices. Ultrasound Med Biol. 40, 210\u2013221 (2014).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"key":"52680_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2012.01806.x","volume":"30","author":"H Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. The evolution of intraventricular vortex during ejection studied by using vector flow mapping. Echocardiography 30, 27\u201336 (2013).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2011.01649.x","volume":"29","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. The left ventricular intracavitary vortex during the isovolumic contraction period as detected by vector flow mapping. Echocardiography 29, 579\u2013587 (2012).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13480","volume":"34","author":"MV Sherrid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherrid, M. V., Kushner, J., Yang, G. & Ro, R. Mitral valve coaptation and its relationship to late diastolic flow: a color Doppler and vector flow map echocardiographic study in normal subjects. Echocardiography 34, 537\u2013548 (2017).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.090","volume":"64","author":"R Ro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ro, R. et al. Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 64, 1984\u20131995 (2014).","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"52680_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.32.12.2063","volume":"32","author":"M Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, M., Jin, J. M., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y. & Liu, S. L. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction based on the intraventricular velocity difference by vector flow mapping. J Ultrsound Med. 32, 2063\u20132071 (2013).","journal-title":"J Ultrsound Med."},{"key":"52680_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0444-7","volume":"17","author":"K Akiyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akiyama, K. et al. Vector flow mapping analysis of left ventricular energetic performance in healthy adult volunteers. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 17, 21 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"52680_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14277","volume":"36","author":"Q Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Relationship between left ventricular vortex and preejectional flow velocity during isovolumic contraction studied by using vector flow mapping. Echocardiography 36, 558\u2013566 (2019).","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"52680_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev035","volume":"16","author":"M Stugaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stugaard, M. et al. Energy loss in the left ventricle obtained by vector flow mapping as a new quantitative measure of severity of aortic regurgitation: a combined experimental and clinical study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16, 723\u2013730 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"52680_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht441","volume":"35","author":"T Honda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Honda, T., Itatani, K., Miyaji, K. & Ishii, M. Assessment of the vortex flow in the post-stenotic dilatation above the pulmonary valve stenosis in an infant using echocardiography vector flow mapping. Eur Heart J. 35, 306 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"52680_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.897385","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Early detection of left atrial energy loss and mechanics abnormalities in diabetic patients with normal left atrial size: a study combining vector flow mapping and tissue tracking echocardiography. Med Sci Monit. 22, 958\u2013968 (2016).","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52680-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52680-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52680-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T15:51:54Z","timestamp":1695397914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52680-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52680-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16264"}}