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We analyzed 39 for-cause renal transplant biopsies performed at our center from May 2015 to July 2017. According to histopathologic reports, 8 patients (20.5%) had no rejection (NR), 11 (28.2%) had T cell-mediated rejections (TCMR) only, and 20 (51.3%) had antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). NK cells were defined as CD3<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes that are positive for CD57, CD49b, NKG2A, or KIR. The density of NK cells was significantly higher in the ABMR group (2.57\u2009\u00b1\u20092.58\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) than in the NR (0.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) or the TCMR (0.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Notably, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> infiltrates (2.16\u2009\u00b1\u20091.89) were the most frequently observed compared with CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD49b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (0.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13), CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NKG2A<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69), and CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>KIR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (0.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.42) cells in the ABMR group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Death-censored graft failure was significantly higher in patients with NK cell infiltration than those without (Log-rank test, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). In conclusion, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> infiltrates are a major subset of NK cells in kidney transplant recipients with ABMR and NK cell infiltration is significantly associated with graft failure post-transplant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52864-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T11:03:18Z","timestamp":1573556598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["CD56+CD57+ infiltrates as the most predominant subset of intragraft natural killer cells in renal transplant biopsies with antibody-mediated rejection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hey Rim","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Joung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Mee","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunwook","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Hee","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Mee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heounjeong","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Mi","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duck Jong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"52864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02799.x","volume":"9","author":"G Einecke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Einecke, G. et al. 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