{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:40:07Z","timestamp":1794030007372,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lack of effective treatments and a high rate of relapse in cocaine addiction constitute a major health problem. The present study was conducted to examine the expression of tryptophan-derived metabolites in the context of cocaine addiction and psychiatric comorbidity, which is common in addicted subjects. Abstinent patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD) and control subjects were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Participants were assessed with a semi-structured diagnostic interview (PRISM) based on DSM-IV-TR for substance and mental disorders. Plasma concentrations of tryptophan metabolites and their association with relevant CUD-related variables and psychiatric comorbidity were explored. We observed decreased plasma kynurenic acid concentrations in the cocaine group, however no associations between CUD-related variables and tryptophan-derived metabolites were found. In contrast, 5-HT concentrations were increased in CUD-patients and the diagnosis of different psychiatric disorders in the cocaine group was related to higher plasma 5-HT concentrations compared with non-comorbid patients. Therefore, while changes in plasma kynurenic acid concentrations appear to be directly associated with lifetime CUD, changes in 5-HT concentrations are associated with psychiatric comorbidity. These results emphasize the need to find potential biomarkers for a better stratification of cocaine-addicted patients in order to develop therapeutic approaches to prevent cocaine relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53312-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T06:02:42Z","timestamp":1573711362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Serotonin is the main tryptophan metabolite associated with psychiatric comorbidity in abstinent cocaine-addicted patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Araos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Marchena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Castilla-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jes\u00fas","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Campos-Cloute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis J.","family":"Sant\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Colado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"53312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.025","volume":"137","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Degenhardt, L. et al. The global epidemiology and burden of psychostimulant dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Drug Alcohol Depend 137, 36\u201347, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.025 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"53312_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1342151","volume":"49","author":"P Araos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Araos, P. et al. Differences in the Rates of Drug Polyconsumption and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Patients with Cocaine Use Disorders According to the Mental Health Service. J Psychoactive Drugs 49, 306\u2013315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2017.1342151 (2017).","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"53312_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2015.985203","volume":"20","author":"D Shorter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shorter, D., Domingo, C. B. & Kosten, T. R. Emerging drugs for the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a review of neurobiological targets and pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 20, 15\u201329, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14728214.2015.985203 (2015).","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"53312_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00214.x","volume":"15","author":"M Filip","year":"2010","unstructured":"Filip, M., Alenina, N., Bader, M. & Przegalinski, E. Behavioral evidence for the significance of serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors in cocaine addiction. Addict Biol 15, 227\u2013249, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00214.x (2010).","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"53312_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7699","volume":"95","author":"I Sora","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sora, I. et al. Cocaine reward models: conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 7699\u20137704, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7699 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"53312_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091039298","volume":"98","author":"I Sora","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sora, I. et al. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 5300\u20135305, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.091039298 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"53312_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.058","volume":"162","author":"FS Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall, F. S. et al. Cocaine-conditioned locomotion in dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter and 5-HT transporter knockout mice. Neuroscience 162, 870\u2013880, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.058 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"53312_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06682.x","volume":"909","author":"GF Koob","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koob, G. F. Neurobiology of addiction. Toward the development of new therapies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 909, 170\u2013185, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06682.x (2000).","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"53312_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.11.025","volume":"34","author":"S Erb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erb, S. Evaluation of the relationship between anxiety during withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34, 798\u2013807, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.11.025 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"53312_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-9877(03)00207-x","volume":"61","author":"AM Myint","year":"2003","unstructured":"Myint, A. M. & Kim, Y. K. Cytokine-serotonin interaction through IDO: a neurodegeneration hypothesis of depression. Med Hypotheses 61, 519\u2013525, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-9877(03)00207-x (2003).","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"53312_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3540.3540","volume":"16","author":"Z Justinova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Justinova, Z. et al. Reducing cannabinoid abuse and preventing relapse by enhancing endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid. Nat Neurosci 16, 1652\u20131661, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3540.3540 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"53312_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.21","volume":"42","author":"ME Secci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Secci, M. E. et al. Attenuating Nicotine Reinforcement and Relapse by Enhancing Endogenous Brain Levels of Kynurenic Acid in Rats and Squirrel Monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 42, 1619\u20131629, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.21 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"53312_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.21","volume":"233","author":"V Vengeliene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vengeliene, V., Cannella, N., Takahashi, T. & Spanagel, R. Metabolic shift of the kynurenine pathway impairs alcohol and cocaine seeking and relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 233, 3449\u20133459, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.21 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"53312_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12156","volume":"20","author":"P Araos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Araos, P. et al. Plasma profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in cocaine users under outpatient treatment: influence of cocaine symptom severity and psychiatric co-morbidity. Addict Biol 20, 756\u2013772, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12156 (2015).","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"53312_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1625-1","volume":"206","author":"AA Patkar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patkar, A. A. et al. Alterations in tryptophan and purine metabolism in cocaine addiction: a metabolomic study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 206, 479\u2013489, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-009-1625-1 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"16","key":"53312_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06348.2001","volume":"21","author":"Jason J. Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, J. J. et al. Maintenance of serotonin in the intestinal mucosa and ganglia of mice that lack the high-affinity serotonin transporter: Abnormal intestinal motility and the expression of cation transporters. J Neurosci 21, 6348\u20136361, 21\/16\/6348 (2001).","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"53312_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04542.x","volume":"102","author":"B Brenner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brenner, B. et al. Plasma serotonin levels and the platelet serotonin transporter. J Neurochem 102, 206\u2013215, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04542.x (2007).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"53312_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2003.tb00486.x","volume":"12","author":"Ashwin A. Patkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patkar, A. A. et al. Relationship between platelet serotonin uptake sites and measures of impulsivity, aggression, and craving among African-American cocaine abusers. Am J Addict 12, 432\u2013447, 8K6VMGLL3Q50Q5CM (2003).","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"53312_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v22n01_06","volume":"22","author":"AA Patkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patkar, A. A. et al. Relationship between platelet serotonin uptake sites and treatment outcome among African-American cocaine dependent individuals. J Addict Dis 22, 79\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J069v22n01_06 (2003).","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"53312_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.008","volume":"42","author":"AA Patkar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patkar, A. A. et al. Relationship of the serotonin transporter with prolactin response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in cocaine dependence. J Psychiatr Res 42, 1213\u20131219, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.008 (2008).","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"53312_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.002","volume":"34","author":"AB Pramod","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pramod, A. B., Foster, J., Carvelli, L. & Henry, L. K. SLC6 transporters: structure, function, regulation, disease association and therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 34, 197\u2013219, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.002 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"53312_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<83::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"88","author":"Benjamin D. Greenberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greenberg, B. D. et al. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets. Am J Med Genet 88, 83\u201387, 10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<83::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-0 (1999).","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"53312_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527","volume":"274","author":"KP Lesch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lesch, K. P. et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274, 1527\u20131531 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"53312_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.91901","volume":"53","author":"MA Margoob","year":"2011","unstructured":"Margoob, M. A. & Mushtaq, D. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and psychiatric disorders: is there a link? Indian J Psychiatry 53, 289\u2013299, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.91901 (2011).","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"53312_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.030","volume":"273","author":"CF Sharpley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharpley, C. F., Palanisamy, S. K., Glyde, N. S., Dillingham, P. W. & Agnew, L. L. An update on the interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress and depression, plus an exploration of non-confirming findings. Behav Brain Res 273, 89\u2013105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.030 (2014).","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"53312_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","volume":"301","author":"A Caspi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caspi, A. et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301, 386\u2013389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1083968 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"53312_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00964.x","volume":"82","author":"N Ozsarac","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozsarac, N., Santha, E. & Hoffman, B. J. Alternative non-coding exons support serotonin transporter mRNA expression in the brain and gut. J Neurochem 82, 336\u2013344 (2002).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"53312_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32831e9c8e","volume":"16","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 16, 53\u201359 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"53312_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.10.024","volume":"412","author":"M Balija","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balija, M. et al. Serotonin level and serotonin uptake in human platelets: a variable interrelation under marked physiological influences. Clin Chim Acta 412, 299\u2013304, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2010.10.024 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"53312_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000022012","volume":"44","author":"AM Kumar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kumar, A. M., Weiss, S., Fernandez, J. B., Cruess, D. & Eisdorfer, C. Peripheral serotonin levels in women: role of aging and ethnicity. Gerontology 44, 211\u2013216, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000022012 (1998).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"53312_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savitz, J. The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie. Mol Psychiatry, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4"},{"key":"53312_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.05.007","volume":"68","author":"GZ Reus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reus, G. Z. et al. Kynurenine pathway dysfunction in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: Evidences from animal and human studies. J Psychiatr Res 68, 316\u2013328, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.05.007 (2015).","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"53312_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65062621.x","volume":"65","author":"P Guidetti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Guidetti, P., Eastman, C. L. & Schwarcz, R. Metabolism of [5-3H]kynurenine in the rat brain in vivo: evidence for the existence of a functional kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 65, 2621\u20132632 (1995).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"53312_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.116","volume":"15","author":"CL Raison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raison, C. L. et al. CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry 15, 393\u2013403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2009.116 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"53312_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm, E. et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol 61, 344\u2013349, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008 (2008).","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"53312_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044509","volume":"19","author":"RM Reitan","year":"1955","unstructured":"Reitan, R. M. The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. J Consult Psychol 19, 393\u2013394, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0044509 (1955).","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"key":"53312_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1195","volume":"153","author":"DS Hasin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hasin, D. S. et al. Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM): reliability for substance abusers. Am J Psychiatry 153, 1195\u20131201, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1195 (1996).","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"53312_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1231","volume":"161","author":"M Torrens","year":"2004","unstructured":"Torrens, M., Serrano, D., Astals, M., Perez-Dominguez, G. & Martin-Santos, R. Diagnosing comorbid psychiatric disorders in substance abusers: validity of the Spanish versions of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatry 161, 1231\u20131237, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1231 (2004).","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"53312_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12107","volume":"18","author":"FJ Pavon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pavon, F. J. et al. Evaluation of plasma-free endocannabinoids and their congeners in abstinent cocaine addicts seeking outpatient treatment: impact of psychiatric co-morbidity. Addict Biol 18, 955\u2013969, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12107 (2013).","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"53312_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003","volume":"45","author":"LN Robins","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robins, L. N. et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview - an Epidemiologic Instrument Suitable for Use in Conjunction with Different Diagnostic Systems and in Different Cultures. Arch Gen Psychiat 45, 1069\u20131077, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003 (1988).","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiat"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53312-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53312-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53312-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:01:16Z","timestamp":1671274876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53312-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53312-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16842"}}