{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:25:33Z","timestamp":1794349533348,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detection of host integrated viral oncogenes are critical for early and point-of-care molecular diagnostics of virus-induced carcinoma. However, available diagnostic approaches are incapable of combining both cost-efficient medical diagnosis and high analytical performances. To circumvent this, we have developed an improved IDE-based nanobiosensor for biorecognition of HPV-16 infected cervical cancer cells through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The system is fabricated by coating gold (Au) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods interfaced with HPV-16 viral DNA bioreceptors on top of the Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) chips surface. Due to the concurrently improved sensitivity and biocompatibility of the designed nanohybrid film, Au decorated ZnO-Nanorod biosensors demonstrate exceptional detection of HPV-16 E6 oncogene, the cancer biomarker for HPV infected cervical cancers. This sensor displayed high levels of sensitivity by detecting as low as 1fM of viral E6 gene target. The sensor also exhibited a stable functional life span of more than 5 weeks, good reproducibility and high discriminatory properties against HPV-16. Sensor current responses are obtained from cultured cervical cancer cells which are close to clinical cancer samples. Hence, the developed sensor is an adaptable tool with high potential for clinical diagnosis especially useful for economically challenged countries\/regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53476-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T06:04:13Z","timestamp":1574143453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Gold-Hybridized Zinc Oxide Nanorods as Real-Time Low-Cost NanoBiosensors for Detection of virulent DNA signature of HPV-16 in Cervical Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Thevendran","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Loong","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haarindraprasad","family":"R.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie Jeyachristy","family":"Sam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maheswaran","family":"Solayappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"53476_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003","volume":"16","author":"E Burd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burd, E. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev 16, 1\u201317 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"53476_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02126.x","volume":"27","author":"T Ishiji","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ishiji, T. Molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis by human papillomavirus-16. J. Dermatol. 27, 73\u201386 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"53476_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolman, I. Berek and Novak\u2019s Gynecology. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 64 (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-014-0538-z"},{"key":"53476_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S., Tao, M., Jr, J. P. M., Mccoy, J. P. & Zheng, Z. The E7 Oncoprotein Is Translated from Spliced E6 * I Transcripts in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 16- or Type 18-Positive Cervical Cancer Cell Lines via Translation Reinitiation The E7 Oncoprotein Is Translated from Spliced E6 * I Transcripts in Hig. J. Virol. 80, 4249\u20134263 (2006).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4249-4263.2006"},{"key":"53476_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000214918","volume":"12","author":"M Lehoux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lehoux, M., D\u2019Abramo, C. M. & Archambault, J. Molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis. Public Health Genomics 12, 268\u2013280 (2009).","journal-title":"Public Health Genomics"},{"key":"53476_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0028-x","volume":"7","author":"M Fischer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fischer, M., Uxa, S., Stanko, C., Magin, T. M. & Engeland, K. Human papilloma virus E7 oncoprotein abrogates the p53-p21-DREAM pathway. Sci. Rep. 7, 1\u201311 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53476_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-009-0013-7","volume":"34","author":"N Ganguly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ganguly, N. & Parihar, S. P. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins as risk factors for tumorigenesis. J. Biosci. 34, 113\u2013123 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"53476_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-15","volume":"29","author":"EM Burd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burd, E. M. Human Papillomavirus Laboratory Testing: the Changing Paradigm. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 29, 291\u2013319 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"53476_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-262","volume":"9","author":"ALP Abreu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abreu, A. L. P., Souza, R. P., Gimenes, F. & Consolaro, M. E. L. A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirus infection. Virol. J. 9, 1\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"53476_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_15_18","volume":"5","author":"PL Sachan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sachan, P. L., Singh, M., Patel, M. L. & Sachan, R. A Study on Cervical Cancer Screening Using Pap Smear Test and Clinical Correlation. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 5, 337\u201341 (2018).","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"53476_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stam.2005.02.018","volume":"6","author":"A Vaseashta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vaseashta, A. & Dimova-Malinovska, D. Nanostructured and nanoscale devices, sensors and detectors. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6, 312\u2013318 (2005).","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"53476_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W35","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz412","volume":"47","author":"J He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, J., Wang, J., Tao, H., Xiao, Y. & Huang, S.-Y. HNADOCK: a nucleic acid docking server for modeling RNA\/DNA\u2013RNA\/DNA 3D complex structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, W35\u2013W42 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"53476_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2017.1297418","volume":"12","author":"R Claveria-Gimeno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Claveria-Gimeno, R., Vega, S., Abian, O. & Velazquez-Campoy, A. A look at ligand binding thermodynamics in drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 12, 363\u2013377 (2017).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"53476_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.7b00443","volume":"57","author":"M Juki\u010d","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juki\u010d, M., Konc, J., Gobec, S. & Jane\u017ei\u010d, D. Identification of Conserved Water Sites in Protein Structures for Drug Design. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 57, 3094\u20133103 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"53476_CR15","unstructured":"Wilson, W. D. A Role for Water Molecules in DNA - Ligand. Acc. Chem. Res. (2009)."},{"key":"53476_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)01452-3","volume":"326","author":"M Kaul","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaul, M., Barbieri, C. M., Kerrigan, J. E. & Pilch, D. S. Coupling of drug protonation to the specific binding of aminoglycosides to the A site of 16 S rRNA: Elucidation of the number of drug amino groups involved and their identities. J. Mol. Biol. 326, 1373\u20131387 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"53476_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.071381","volume":"90","author":"B Nguyen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nguyen, B., Stanek, J. & Wilson, W. D. Binding-linked protonation of a DNA minor-groove agent. Biophys. J. 90, 1319\u20131328 (2006).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"53476_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10411","volume":"70","author":"DS Pilch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pilch, D. S., Kaul, M., Barbieri, C. M., Kerrigan, J. E. & Johnson, W. Thermodynamics of Aminoglycoside \u2013 rRNA. Biopolymers 70, 58\u201379 (2003).","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"53476_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10439","volume":"94","author":"F Wang-Johanning","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang-Johanning, F., Lu, D. W., Wang, Y., Johnson, M. R. & Johanning, G. L. Quantitation of human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 DNA and RNA in residual material from thinprep papanicolaou tests using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Cancer 94, 2199\u20132210 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"53476_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2014.09.026","volume":"158","author":"F Boudjouan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boudjouan, F. et al. Effects of stabilizer ratio on photoluminescence properties of sol-gel ZnO nano-structured thin films. J. Lumin. 158, 32\u201337 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"53476_CR21","first-page":"0","volume":"123","author":"KDA Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar, K. D. A. et al. Effect of solvents on sol\u2013gel spin-coated nanostructured Al-doped ZnO thin films: a film for key optoelectronic applications. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 123, 0 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"53476_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-632","volume":"9","author":"DR Hang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hang, D. R. et al. Annealing effects on the optical and morphological properties of ZnO nanorods on AZO substrate by using aqueous solution method at low temperature. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9, 1\u20137 (2014).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"53476_CR23","unstructured":"Deshwal, M., Arora, A. & Gel, S.-. Annealing temperature optimization for highly sensitive ZnO based acetone gas sensor. 57, 422\u2013426 (2019)."},{"key":"53476_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.12.052","volume":"127","author":"R Haarindraprasad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haarindraprasad, R. et al. Optical measurements on tailored zinc oxide thin films under optimal. Optik (Stuttg). 127, 3069\u20133074 (2016).","journal-title":"Optik (Stuttg)."},{"key":"53476_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1088\/0268-1242\/22\/6\/004","volume":"22","author":"BY Oh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oh, B. Y., Jeong, M. C., Ham, M. H. & Myoung, J. M. Effects of the channel thickness on the structural and electrical characteristics of room-temperature fabricated ZnO thin-film transistors. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 22, 608\u2013612 (2007).","journal-title":"Semicond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"53476_CR26","first-page":"1200","volume":"15","author":"ZT Khodair","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khodair, Z. T., Alsrraf, A. R., Manssor, M. I. & Bakr, N. A. Synthesis and Study of Zno Nanorods and Fe-Doped ZnO Nanoflowers by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD) Technique. Iraq 15, 1200\u20131208 (2012).","journal-title":"Iraq"},{"key":"53476_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2008-00135-x","volume":"49","author":"M Haridas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haridas, M., Srivastava, S. & Basu, J. K. Tunable variation of optical properties of polymer capped gold nanoparticles. Eur. Phys. J. D 49, 93\u2013100 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"53476_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12231","volume":"5","author":"V Perumal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perumal, V. et al. \u2018Spotted Nanoflowers\u2019: Gold-seeded zinc oxide nanohybrid for selective bio-capture. Sci. Rep. 5, 1\u201312 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53476_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginting, M. et al. Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide doped with ferrite and chromium. AIP Conf. Proc. 1862 (2017).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4991166"},{"key":"53476_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.09.133","volume":"263","author":"R Karmakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karmakar, R., Neogi, S. K., Banerjee, A. & Bandyopadhyay, S. Structural; Morphological; optical and magnetic properties of Mn doped ferromagnetic ZnO thin film. Appl. Surf. Sci. 263, 671\u2013677 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"53476_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.18576\/ijnc\/030202","volume":"3","author":"K Al-heuseen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-heuseen, K. & Alquran, M. K. Influence of Fe-doping on the Stress Behaviour in ZnO thin Films Synthesized by Electrochemical Method. Int. J. Nanomater. Chem. 3, 27\u201331 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomater. Chem."},{"key":"53476_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.03.008","volume":"255","author":"C Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, C., Chen, Z., He, Y., Li, L. & Zhang, D. Structure, morphology and properties of Fe-doped ZnO films prepared by facing-target magnetron sputtering system. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 6881\u20136887 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"53476_CR33","first-page":"143","volume":"5","author":"C Gopinathan.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gopinathan., C. & Mahalakchimi., K. Columnar growth of nanocrystalline ZnO thin films prepared through RF magnetron sputtering. Adv. Stud. Theor. Phys. 5, 143\u2013149 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Stud. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"53476_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10853","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049401h","volume":"108","author":"S Bruzzone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruzzone, S., Malvaldi, M., Arrighini, G. P. & Guidotti, C. Light scattering by gold nanoparticles: Role of simple dielectric models. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 10853\u201310858 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"53476_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2014.02.023","volume":"103","author":"K Islam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Islam, K., Alnuaimi, A., Battal, E., Okyay, A. K. & Nayfeh, A. Effect of gold nanoparticles size on light scattering for thin film amorphous-silicon solar cells. Sol. Energy 103, 263\u2013268 (2014).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"53476_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144964","volume":"10","author":"V Perumal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perumal, V. et al. Thickness dependent nanostructural, Morphological, Optical and impedometric analyses of zinc oxide-Gold hybrids: Nanoparticle to thin film. PLoS One 10, 1\u201324 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"53476_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1039\/b212437h","volume":"128","author":"Y Sun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun, Y. & Xia, Y. Gold and silver nanoparticles: A class of chromophores with colors tunable in the range from 400 to 750 nm. Analyst 128, 686\u2013691 (2003).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"53476_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1039\/jm9960601879","volume":"6","author":"S Deki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Deki, S. et al. Preparation and characterization of Au-dispersed TiO2 thin films by a liquid-phase deposition method. J. Mater. Chem. 6, 1879\u20131882 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"53476_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2009.08.001","volume":"518","author":"N Naseri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naseri, N., Azimirad, R., Akhavan, O. & Moshfegh, A. Z. Improved electrochromical properties of sol-gel WO3 thin films by doping gold nanocrystals. Thin Solid Films 518, 2250\u20132257 (2010).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"53476_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.06.027","volume":"326","author":"G Shan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shan, G., Zhong, M., Wang, S., Li, Y. & Liu, Y. The synthesis and optical properties of the heterostructured ZnO\/Au nanocomposites. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 326, 392\u2013395 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"53476_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2019.05.007","volume":"16","author":"MR Islam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Islam, M. R., Rahman, M., Farhad, S. F. U. & Podder, J. Structural, optical and photocatalysis properties of sol\u2013gel deposited Al-doped ZnO thin films. Surfaces and Interfaces 16, 120\u2013126 (2019).","journal-title":"Surfaces and Interfaces"},{"key":"53476_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3643615","volume":"1391","author":"J Koshy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koshy, J., Samuel, M. S., Chandran, A. & George, K. C. Optical properties of CuO nanoparticles. AIP Conf. Proc. 1391, 576\u2013578 (2011).","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"53476_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2013.09.031","volume":"64","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh, S. & Chakrabarti, P. Comparison of the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films deposited by three different methods for optoelectronic applications. Superlattices Microstruct. 64, 283\u2013293 (2013).","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"53476_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236218","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/23\/236218","volume":"19","author":"S Dutta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dutta, S. et al. Defects and the optical absorption in nanocrystalline ZnO. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19, 236218 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"53476_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.04.055","volume":"574","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Effects of substrate temperature on the growth orientation and optical properties of ZnO:Fe films synthesized via magnetron sputtering. J. Alloys Compd. 574, 149\u2013154 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"53476_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2017.07.047","volume":"7","author":"MNH Mia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mia, M. N. H. et al. Influence of Mg content on tailoring optical bandgap of Mg-doped ZnO thin film prepared by sol-gel method. Results Phys. 7, 2683\u20132691 (2017).","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"53476_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.01.085","volume":"12","author":"C Belkhaoui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belkhaoui, C., Mzabi, N., Smaoui, H. & Daniel, P. Enhancing the structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanopowders through (Al + Mn) doping. Results Phys. 12, 1686\u20131696 (2019).","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"53476_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadallah, A. S. & El-Nahass, M. M. Structural, optical constants and photoluminescence of ZnO thin films grown by sol-gel spin coating. Adv. Condens. Matter Phys. 2013 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/234546"},{"key":"53476_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2017.e00285","volume":"3","author":"E Muchuweni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muchuweni, E., Sathiaraj, T. S. & Nyakotyo, H. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide thin films for optoelectronic applications. Heliyon 3, e00285 (2017).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"53476_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2017.14142","volume":"17","author":"Y Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Park, Y. & Leem, J.-Y. Influence of Annealing Temperature on Band Gap Shift and Optical Constants of Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films Deposited on Muscovite Mica Substrates. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 17, 5566\u20135569 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"53476_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s13391-015-4445-y","volume":"11","author":"S Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Periasamy, C. & Chakrabarti, P. Thickness dependent study of RF sputtered ZnO thin films for optoelectronic device applications. Electron. Mater. Lett. 11, 1093\u20131101 (2015).","journal-title":"Electron. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"53476_CR52","unstructured":"Dabagh, S. Y. A. & Makhool, E. E. The Effect of Fe Concentration on the Structure and Optical Properties of Zno Films by Using Pulsed Laser Deposition. 15, 54\u201360 (2016)."},{"key":"53476_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2017-0821","volume":"21","author":"AK Jazmati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jazmati, A. K. & Abdallah, B. Optical and Structural Study of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering at Different Thicknesses: a Comparison with Single Crystal. Mater. Res. 21, 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"53476_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043169","volume":"7","author":"MLS Mello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mello, M. L. S. & Vidal, B. C. Changes in the infrared microspectroscopic characteristics of DNA caused by cationic elements, different base richness and single-stranded form. PLoS One 7, 1\u201312 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"53476_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.10.083","volume":"78","author":"V Perumal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perumal, V. et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics A new nano-worm structure from gold-nanoparticle mediated random curving of zinc oxide nanorods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 78, 14\u201322 (2016).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"53476_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11058","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)16926-4","volume":"7","author":"V Reddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reddy, V. et al. Electrochemical detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in short DNA sequences related to cattle Fatty acid binding protein 4 gene. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 11058\u201311067 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"53476_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.08.069","volume":"519","author":"M Das","year":"2010","unstructured":"Das, M., Sumana, G., Nagarajan, R. & Malhotra, B. D. Application of nanostructured ZnO films for electrochemical DNA biosensor. Thin Solid Films 519, 1196\u20131201 (2010).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"53476_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY00386F","volume":"10","author":"Y Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, Y., Han, L., Yao, Y., Li, Y. & Liu, X. Key factors in FTIR spectroscopic analysis of DNA: The sampling technique, pretreatment temperature and sample concentration. Anal. Methods 10, 2436\u20132443 (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"53476_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)17952-1","volume":"7","author":"TS Ramulu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramulu, T. S., Venu, R., Sinha, B., Yoon, S. S. & Kim, C. Electrodeposition of CoPtP\/Au multisegment nanowires: Synthesis and DNA functionalization. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 7762\u20137769 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"53476_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2004.11.003","volume":"62","author":"Y Fu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fu, Y. et al. Electrochemical impedance behavior of DNA biosensor based on colloidal Ag and bilayer two-dimensional sol-gel as matrices. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 62, 163\u2013174 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"53476_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1166\/jcsmd.2014.1048","volume":"2","author":"A Karimizefreh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karimizefreh, A., Mahyari, F. A., Vaezjalali, M., Mohammadpour, R. & Sasanpour, P. Human papilloma virus detection using DNA biosensor with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J. Coupled Syst. Multiscale Dyn. 2, 164\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Coupled Syst. Multiscale Dyn."},{"key":"53476_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perumal, V. et al. Characterization of gold-sputtered zinc oxide nanorods\u2014A potential hybrid material. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11 (2016).","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1245-8"},{"key":"53476_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1021\/jp064118z","volume":"111","author":"X Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, X., Kong, X., Yu, Y. & Zhang, H. Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble and bifunctional ZnO-Au nanocomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 3836\u20133841 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"53476_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp01209b","volume":"13","author":"A Bonanni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonanni, A., Pumera, M. & Miyahara, Y. Influence of gold nanoparticle size (2-50 nm) upon its electrochemical behavior: An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and voltammetric study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 4980\u20134986 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"53476_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1352","volume":"4","author":"H H\u00e4kkinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"H\u00e4kkinen, H. The gold-sulfur interface at the nanoscale. Nat. Chem. 4, 443\u2013455 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"53476_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74800-0","volume":"85","author":"U Rant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rant, U. et al. Excessive Counterion Condensation on Immobilized ssDNA in Solutions of High Ionic Strength. Biophys. J. 85, 3858\u20133864 (2003).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"53476_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360301305","volume":"30","author":"MO Fenley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fenley, M. O., Manning, G. S. & Olson, W. K. Approach to the limit of counterion condensation. Biopolymers 30, 1191\u20131203 (1990).","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"53476_CR68","first-page":"38","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, R., Gao, T. & Yang, G. The mixing counterion effect on DNA compaction and charge neutralization at low ionic strength. Polymers (Basel). 10, 38\u201340 (2018).","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"53476_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11020337","volume":"11","author":"T Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, T., Zhang, W., Wang, Y. & Yang, G. DNA Compaction and Charge Neutralization Regulated by Divalent Ions in very Low pH Solution. Polymers (Basel). 11, 337 (2019).","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)."},{"key":"53476_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys697","volume":"3","author":"K Besteman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Besteman, K., Van Eijk, K. & Lemay, S. G. Charge inversion accompanies DNA condensation by multivalent ions. Nat. Phys. 3, 641\u2013644 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"53476_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0509096","volume":"78","author":"ELS Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong, E. L. S. & Gooding, J. J. Charge transfer through DNA: A selective electrochemical DNA biosensor. Anal. Chem. 78, 2138\u20132144 (2006).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"53476_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.034","volume":"26","author":"X Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, X., Qu, X., Dong, J., Ai, S. & Han, R. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using a change in flexibility. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 3679\u20133682 (2011).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53476-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53476-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53476-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T23:31:27Z","timestamp":1695425487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53476-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53476-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17039"}}