{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:13:03Z","timestamp":1790665983852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009776","name":"McMaster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urine testing is an essential clinical diagnostic tool. The presence of urine sediments, typically analyzed through microscopic urinalysis or cell culture, can be indicative of many diseases, including bacterial, parasitic, and yeast infections, as well as more serious conditions like bladder cancer. Current urine analysis diagnostic methods are usually centralized and limited by high cost, inconvenience, and poor sensitivity. Here, we developed a lensless projection imaging optofluidic platform with motion-based particle analysis to rapidly detect urinary constituents without the need for concentration or amplification through culture. A removable microfluidics channel ensures that urine samples do not cross contaminate and the lens-free projection video is captured and processed by a low-cost integrated microcomputer. A motion tracking and analysis algorithm is developed to identify and track moving objects in the flow. Their motion characteristics are used as biomarkers to detect different urine species in near real-time. The results show that this technology is capable of detection of red and white blood cells, <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, crystals, casts, yeast and bacteria. This cost-effective device has the potential to be implemented for timely, point-of-care detection of a wide range of disorders in hospitals, clinics, long-term care homes, and in resource-limited regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53477-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1574334161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Use of Motion Analysis as Particle Biomarkers in Lensless Optofluidic Projection Imaging for Point of Care Urine Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Smieja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Soleymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiyin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"53477_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-C., Tseng, C.-C., Chuang, T.-K., Lee, D.-S. & Lee, G.-B. Urine analysis in microfluidic devices., Analyst, 136(13), pp. 2669\u201388 (Jul. 2011).","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15029d"},{"key":"53477_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal, R. N., Bishnoi, S. & Agrawal, B. Electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and aspirin in human urine samples, J. Electroanal. Chem., 655(2), pp. 97\u2013102 (Jun. 2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2011.03.008"},{"key":"53477_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuswandi, B., Nuriman, J. H. & Verboom, W. Optical sensing systems for microfluidic devices: A review, Anal. Chim. Acta, 601(2), pp. 141\u2013155 (Oct. 2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.08.046"},{"key":"53477_CR4","unstructured":"Simerville, J. A., Maxted, W. C. & Pahira, J. J. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review.,\u201d Am. Fam. Physician, 71(6), pp. 1153\u201362 (Mar. 2005)."},{"key":"53477_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissinger, P. Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues, BMC Infect. Dis., 15(1), p. 307 (Dec. 2015).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1055-0"},{"key":"53477_CR6","unstructured":"Garber, G. E. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis., Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. = J. Can. des Mal. Infect. la Microbiol. medicale, 16(1), pp. 35\u20138 (Jan. 2005)."},{"key":"53477_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver, B. J., Guy, R. J., Kaldor, J. M., Jamil, M. S. & Rumbold, A. R. Trichomonas vaginalis as a Cause of Perinatal Morbidity, Sex. Transm. Dis., 41(6), pp. 369\u2013376 (Jun. 2014).","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000134"},{"key":"53477_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, J. R. et al. Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy and Mental Retardation in Children, Ann. Epidemiol., 19(12), pp. 891\u2013899 (Dec. 2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.08.004"},{"key":"53477_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaydos, C. A. et al. Rapid and point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in women and men., Sex. Transm. Infect., 93(S4), pp. S31\u2013S35 (Dec. 2017).","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053063"},{"key":"53477_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davenport, M. et al. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections, Nat. Rev. Urol., 14(5), pp. 296\u2013310 (May 2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.20"},{"key":"53477_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejuto, P., Luengo, M. & D\u00edaz-Gigante, J. Automated Flow Cytometry: An Alternative to Urine Culture in a Routine Clinical Microbiology Laboratory?, Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2017, pp. 1\u20138 (Sep. 2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8532736"},{"key":"53477_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorlozano, A. et al. Evolution of the resistance to antibiotics of bacteria involved in urinary tract infections: A 7-year surveillance study, Am. J. Infect. 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New Screening Diagnostic Techniques In Urinalysis, Acta Clin. Belg., 62(3), pp. 155\u2013161 (Jun. 2007).","DOI":"10.1179\/acb.2007.026"},{"key":"53477_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozcan, A. & McLeod, E. Lensless Imaging and Sensing, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 18(1), pp. 77\u2013102 (Jul. 2016).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-092515-010849"},{"key":"53477_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, S. et al. Lensfree holographic imaging for on-chip cytometry and diagnostics, Lab Chip, 9(6), pp. 777\u2013787 (2009).","DOI":"10.1039\/B813943A"},{"key":"53477_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Zhang, Y., Feizi, A., G\u00f6r\u00f6cs, Z. & Ozcan, A., Pixel super-resolution using wavelength scanning. Light Sci. Appl., 5(4), pp. e16060\u2013e16060 (Apr. 2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2016.60"},{"key":"53477_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, T.-W., Erlinger, A., Tseng, D. & Ozcan, A. Compact and Light-Weight Automated Semen Analysis Platform Using Lensfree on-Chip Microscopy, Anal. Chem., 82(19), pp. 8307\u20138312 (Oct. 2010).","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101845q"},{"key":"53477_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Motility-based label-free detection of parasites in bodily fluids using holographic speckle analysis and deep learning, Light Sci. Appl., 7(1), p. 108 (Dec. 2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0110-1"},{"key":"53477_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, K. L. Parasites in motion: flagellum-driven cell motility in African trypanosomes, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 13(4), pp. 459\u2013465 (Aug. 2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.05.015"},{"key":"53477_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huppert, J. et al. 6: Comparison of diagnostic methods for Trichomonas vaginalis, J. Adolesc. Heal., 40(2), p. 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Y. & Ba\u011fc\u0131o\u011flu, M. Parasitic Diseases of Urinary Tract, MIDDLE BLACK SEA J. Heal. Sci., 2(3), pp. 11\u201318 (2016)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65965-3","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53477-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53477-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53477-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T16:12:26Z","timestamp":1671293546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53477-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53477-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65965-3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2020","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Q.F. and J.K. are co-founders of a startup company to translate the described technology. L.S., M.S. and B.X. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17255"}}