{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:05:59Z","timestamp":1791839159668,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Surgical site infections (SSI) remain a common postoperative complication despite use of prophylactic antibiotics and other preventive measures, mainly due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. Here, we present antimicrobial resistance rate of bacteria isolated in clinical cases of SSI. A hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 83 consented postoperative patients with clinical SSI. Data on patients was obtained using structured data collection form. Two swabs were collected aseptically from each patient. Bacteriological culture examination and identification was done following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Gram negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant (65.59%) with the dominant being\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (29.03%). Overall 86% of aerobic bacteria isolated were multidrug resistant (MDR) where 65.63% and 96.72% of Gram positive and Gram negative isolates were MDR respectively. All the isolates with exception of\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were resistant to ampicillin. GNB showed high resistance to ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim and gentamicin. All the isolated\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp were MDR.\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were all resistant to oxacillin. The isolation rate was higher in emergency, males and dirty wounds in relation to nature of surgery, gender and class of surgical wound respectively. These findings necessitate judicious antibiotic use and calls for surveillance of SSIs periodically as well as strict adherence to good sanitation practice to reduce spread of drug-resistant pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53712-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1574316161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic aerobic bacteria causing surgical site infections in Mbarara regional referral hospital, Southwestern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7775-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derick","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Ampaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caesar","family":"Oyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoch","family":"Muwanguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Twizerimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Onyuthi","family":"Apecu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"53712_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1086\/501620","volume":"20","author":"AJ Mangram","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mangram, A. J. et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, 247\u2013280 (1999).","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"53712_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.023","volume":"81","author":"SJ Dancer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dancer, S. J., Stewart, M., Coulombe, C., Gregori, A. & Virdi, M. Surgical site infections linked to contaminated surgical instruments. Journal of Hospital Infection 81, 231\u2013238 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"53712_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(08)60017-1","volume":"70","author":"C Owens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Owens, C. & Stoessel, K. Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention. Journal of Hospital Infection 70, 3\u201310 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"53712_CR4","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. (World Health Organization, 2016)."},{"key":"53712_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1086\/520731","volume":"28","author":"DJ Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson, D. J., Sexton, D. J., Kanafani, Z. A., Auten, G. & Kaye, K. S. Severe surgical site infection in community hospitals: epidemiology, key procedures, and the changing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, 1047\u20131053 (2007).","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"53712_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-298","volume":"6","author":"J Seni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seni, J. et al. Antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized surgical patients: a silently emerging public health concern in Uganda. BMC research notes 6, 298 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"53712_CR7","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide (2011)."},{"key":"53712_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","volume":"377","author":"B Allegranzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allegranzi, B. et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 377, 228\u2013241 (2011).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"53712_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.088179","volume":"89","author":"SB Nejad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nejad, S. B., Allegranzi, B., Syed, S. B., Ellis, B. & Pittet, D. Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, 757\u2013765 (2011).","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"53712_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.06.010","volume":"38","author":"JA Weigelt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weigelt, J. A. et al. Surgical site infections: causative pathogens and associated outcomes. American journal of infection control 38, 112\u2013120 (2010).","journal-title":"American journal of infection control"},{"key":"53712_CR11","first-page":"90","volume":"15","author":"D Kitara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kitara, D., Kakande, I., Mugisa, B. & Obol, J. The postoperative complications prediction in Mulago Hospital using POSSUM scoring system. East and Central African Journal of Surgery 15, 90\u201396 (2010).","journal-title":"East and Central African Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"53712_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubega, A., Joel, B. & Justina Lucy, N. Incidence and etiology of surgical site infections among emergency postoperative patients in mbarara regional referral hospital, South Western Uganda. Surgery research and practice 2017 (2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6365172"},{"key":"53712_CR13","unstructured":"Anguzu, J. & Olila, D. Drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from septic post-operative wounds in a regional referral hospital in Uganda. African health sciences 7 (2007)."},{"key":"53712_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-500","volume":"7","author":"J Manyahi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manyahi, J. et al. Predominance of multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens causing surgical site infections in Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. BMC research notes 7, 500 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"53712_CR15","first-page":"18","volume":"3","author":"L Dessalegn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dessalegn, L., Shimelis, T., Tadesse, E. & Gebre-selassie, S. Aerobic bacterial isolates from post-surgical wound and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern: a hospital based cross-sectional study. E3 journal of medical research 3, 18\u201323 (2014).","journal-title":"E3 journal of medical research"},{"key":"53712_CR16","first-page":"1019","volume":"3","author":"J Amatya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amatya, J., Rijal, M. & Baidya, R. Bacteriological study of the postoperative wound samples and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates in BB hospital. JSM. Microbiology 3, 1019 (2015).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"53712_CR17","first-page":"72","volume":"4","author":"R Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao, R., Sumathi, S., Anuradha, K., Venkatesh, D. & Krishna, S. Bacteriology of postoperative wound infections. Int J Pharm Biomed Res 4, 72\u201376 (2013).","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Biomed Res"},{"key":"53712_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-11-21","volume":"11","author":"B Mawalla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mawalla, B., Mshana, S. E., Chalya, P. L., Imirzalioglu, C. & Mahalu, W. Predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC surgery 11, 21 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC surgery"},{"key":"53712_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-575","volume":"7","author":"RE Mengesha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mengesha, R. E., Kasa, B. G.-S., Saravanan, M., Berhe, D. F. & Wasihun, A. G. Aerobic bacteria in post surgical wound infections and pattern of their antimicrobial susceptibility in Ayder Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia. BMC research notes 7, 575 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"53712_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.082","volume":"10","author":"EA Ameh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ameh, E. A. et al. Surgical site infection in children: prospective analysis of the burden and risk factors in a sub-Saharan African setting. Surgical infections 10, 105\u2013109 (2009).","journal-title":"Surgical infections"},{"key":"53712_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.918-922.2000","volume":"38","author":"A Giacometti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Giacometti, A. et al. Epidemiology and microbiology of surgical wound infections. Journal of clinical microbiology 38, 918\u2013922 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"53712_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000126","volume":"2","author":"B Amare","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amare, B. et al. Postoperative surgical site bacterial infections and drug susceptibility patterns at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J Bacteriol Parasitol 2, 126 (2011).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Parasitol"},{"key":"53712_CR23","first-page":"3876","volume":"5","author":"A Anthony","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anthony, A., Anthony, I. & Steve, J. Studies on multiple antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from surgical site infection. 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Ethiopian journal of health sciences 22, 7\u201318 (2012).","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"53712_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.09.008","volume":"85","author":"C Rothe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rothe, C., Schlaich, C. & Thompson, S. Healthcare-associated infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Hospital Infection 85(4), 257\u2013267 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"53712_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/668770","volume":"34","author":"DM Sievert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sievert, D. M. et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare- associated infections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009\u20132010. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34(1), 1\u201314 (2013).","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"53712_CR28","unstructured":"Prevention, E. C. f. D. & Control. (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2012)."},{"key":"53712_CR29","unstructured":"Wayne, P. Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (2011)."},{"key":"53712_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos, A. P. et al. Multidrug\u2010resistant, extensively drug\u2010resistant and pandrug\u2010resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical microbiology and infection 18, 268\u2013281 (2012).","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53712-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53712-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53712-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:21:36Z","timestamp":1671276096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-53712-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53712-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17299"}}