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The developed sensor is made of an AlN layer, sandwiched between two Ti electrodes, sputtered on Kapton substrate, with a preferential orientation along c-axis which guarantees the best piezoelectric response. The IAP is made of an intestinal wall-interfaced refilling module, able to dock an ingestible insulin capsule. A linearly actuated needle punches the duodenum tissue and then the PDMS capsule to transfer the insulin to an implanted reservoir. The device is located at the connection of the needle with the linear actuator to reliably detect the occurred punching of the insulin-filled capsule. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations were performed to evaluate the piezoelectric charge generated for increasing loads in the range of interest, applied on both the sensor full-area and footprint area of the Hamilton needle used for the capsule punching. The sensor-interface circuit was simulated to estimate the output voltage that can be obtained in real operating conditions. The characterization results confirmed a high device sensitivity during the punching, in the low forces (0\u20134\u2009N) and low actuator speed (2\u20133\u2009mm\/s) ranges of interest, meeting the requirement of the research objective. The choice of a piezoelectric pressure sensor is particularly strategic in the medical field due to the request of self-powered implantable devices which do not need any external power source to output a signal and harvest energy from natural sources around the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53713-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1574229842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Fabrication and characterization of AlN-based flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor integrated into an implantable artificial pancreas"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M. 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