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The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17026688 in the gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase\u2013like protein 1 (<jats:italic>GADL1<\/jats:italic>) has been found to be associated with lithium response in Han Chinese patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI). However, whether patients with <jats:italic>GADL1<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms have different immunophenotypes is unknown. To address this issue, differences in the immune profiles based on analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were compared among BDI patients and healthy controls who lack or carry the T allele of rs17026688. BDI patients had significantly higher percentages of total T cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, activated B cells, and monocytes than healthy controls, suggesting that immunologic imbalance might be involved in BDI development or progression. Treatment of BDI patients-derived PBMCs with lithium <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> increased the percentage of CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes and dendritic cells, suggesting that lithium plays an immunomodulatory role in CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes and dendritic cells. Among BDI patients, non-T carriers had a significantly higher percentage of CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD33<jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>\/HLA-DR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> myeloid-derived suppressor cells than T carriers. Moreover, only T carriers exhibited differential sensitivity to lithium therapeutic use with respect to the percentage of myeloid cells. These findings suggest that rs17026688 polymorphisms in <jats:italic>GADL1<\/jats:italic> are associated with immune dysfunction in BDI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53745-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T11:02:49Z","timestamp":1574679769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunophenotypes associated with bipolar disorder and lithium treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tai-Na","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau-Shoun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Jian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Ju","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Hsing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ken","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence Shih-Hsin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Tai-Ann","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"53745_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360481","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360481","volume":"2014","author":"IG Barbosa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barbosa, I. 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