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Animal models of lymphedema are used to test pharmacologic and microsurgical therapies; however, no animal model for HNL is described in the literature to date. In this study we describe the first reproducible rat model for HNL. Animals were subjected to two surgical protocols: (1) lymphadenectomy plus irradiation; and (2) sham surgery and no irradiation. Head and neck expansion was measured on post-operative days 15, 30 and 60. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired at the same time points. Lymphatic drainage was measured at day 60 via indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, after which animals were sacrificed for histological analysis. Postsurgical lymphedema was observed 100% of the time. Compared to sham-operated animals, lymphadenectomy animals experienced significantly more head and neck swelling at all timepoints (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Lymphadenectomy animals had significantly slower lymphatic drainage for 6 days post-ICG injection (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Histological analysis of lymphadenectomy animals revealed 83% greater subcutis thickness (P\u2009=\u20090.008), 22% greater collagen deposition (P\u2009=\u20090.001), 110% greater TGF\u03b21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell density (P\u2009=\u20090<jats:sup>.<\/jats:sup>04), 1.7-fold increase in TGF\u03b21 mRNA expression (P\u2009=\u20090.03), and 114% greater T-cell infiltration (P\u2009=\u20090.005) compared to sham-operated animals. In conclusion, animals subjected to complete lymph node dissection and irradiation developed changes consistent with human clinical postsurgical HNL. This was evidenced by significant increase in all head and neck measurements, slower lymphatic drainage, subcutaneous tissue expansion, increased fibrosis, and increased inflammation compared to sham-operated animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54201-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T11:02:34Z","timestamp":1575457354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Pre-clinical Animal Model of Secondary Head and Neck Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Daneshgaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Y.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie B.","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Y.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy P.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivetta","family":"Vorobyova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Jashashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Kwon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4068-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"54201_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-018-0194-6","volume":"8","author":"H Schulze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schulze, H., Nacke, M., Gutenbrunner, C. & Hadamitzky, C. 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