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We here assessed the effect of rectal application of an anti-HIV lectin-based microbicide Q-Griffithsin (Q-GRFT) in rectal tissue samples from rhesus macaques. E-cadherin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells and total mucosal cells were assessed using<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>staining combined with a novel customized digital image analysis platform. Variations in cell numbers between baseline, placebo and Q-GRFT treated samples were analyzed using random intercept linear mixed effect models. The frequencies of rectal E-cadherin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells remained stable despite multiple tissue samplings and Q-GRFT gel (0.1%, 0.3% and 1%, respectively) treatment. Whereas single dose application of Q-GRFT did not affect the frequencies of rectal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells, multi-dose Q-GRFT caused a small, but significant increase of the frequencies of intra-epithelial CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells (placebo: median 4%; 1% Q-GRFT: median 7%) and of the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>lamina propria cells (placebo: median 30%; 0.1\u20131% Q-GRFT: median 36\u201339%). The resting time between sampling points were further associated with minor changes in the total and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>rectal mucosal cell levels. The results add to general knowledge of<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>evaluation of anti-HIV microbicide application concerning cellular effects in rectal mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54493-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T11:37:14Z","timestamp":1575286634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impact of Q-Griffithsin anti-HIV microbicide gel in non-human primates: In situ analyses of epithelial and immune cell markers in rectal mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","family":"G\u00fcnayd\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Edfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3608-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"No\u0205l-Romas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Burgener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"W\u00e4hlby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Guenthner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Matoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"McNicholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Tjernlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Broliden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"54493_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2017 GLOBAL HIV STATISTICS, http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/ default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf2018. 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