{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:45:38Z","timestamp":1790876738409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the discrimination between \u03b2-thalassemia trait (\u03b2TT) and Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is important clinically, but it is challenging and normally difficult; so if a patient with IDA is diagnosed as \u03b2TT, then it is deprived of iron therapy. This study purpose was to evaluate the 26 different discriminating indices diagnostic function in patients with microcytic anemia by using accuracy measures, and also recommending two distinct new discriminating indices as well. In this study, 907 patients were enrolled with the ages over 18-year-old with either \u03b2TT or IDA. Twenty-six discrimination indices diagnostic performance presented in earlier studies, and two new indices were introduced in this study (CRUISE index and index26) in order to evaluate the differential between \u03b2TT and IDA by using accuracy measures. 537 (59%) patients with \u03b2TT (299 (56%) women, and 238 (44%) men), and also 370 (41%) patients with IDA (293 (79%) women, and 77 (21%) men) were participated in this study for evaluating the 28 discrimination indices diagnostic performance. Two new introduced indices (CRUISE index and index26) have better performance than some discrimination indices. Indices with the amount of AUC higher than 0.8 had very appropriate diagnostic accuracy in discrimination between \u03b2TT and IDA, and also CRUISE index has good diagnostic accuracy, too. The present study was also the first cluster analysis application in order to identify the homogeneous subgroups of different indices with similar diagnostic function. In addition, new indices that offered in this study have presented a relatively closed diagnostic performance by using cluster analysis for the different indices described in earlier studies. Thus, we suggest the using of cluster analysis in order to determine differential indices with similar diagnostic performances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54575-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1575889382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Diagnostic performance of hematological discrimination indices to discriminate between \u03b2eta thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia and using cluster analysis: Introducing two new indices tested in Iranian population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Jahangiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakher","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal Saki","family":"Malehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"54575_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000212918.31674.e2","volume":"28","author":"B Kara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kara, B., \u00c7al, S., Aydogan, A. & Sarper, N. The prevalence of anemia in adolescents: a study from Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology 28, 316\u2013321 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"54575_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brittenham, G. Disorders of iron metabolism: iron deficiency and overload. Hematology: basic principles and practice (2000).","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2000.1.39"},{"key":"54575_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1309\/R1YL4B4BT2WCQDGV","volume":"128","author":"DA Rathod","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rathod, D. A. et al. Usefulness of cell counter\u2013based parameters and formulas in detection of \u03b2-thalassemia trait in areas of high prevalence. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 128, 585\u2013589 (2007).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10482.x","volume":"850","author":"M Angastiniotis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Angastiniotis, M. & Modell, B. Global epidemiology of hemoglobin disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 850, 251\u2013269 (1998).","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"54575_CR5","first-page":"704","volume":"79","author":"D Weatherall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weatherall, D. & Clegg, J. B. Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, 704\u2013712 (2001).","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"54575_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPJRH1I0XTNFGA","volume":"135","author":"E Urrechaga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Urrechaga, E., Borque, L. & Escanero, J. F. The role of automated measurement of RBC subpopulations in differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia and \u03b2-thalassemia screening. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 135, 374\u2013379 (2011).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-11","volume":"5","author":"R Galanello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galanello, R. & Origa, R. Beta-thalassemia. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 5, 11 (2010).","journal-title":"Orphanet journal of rare diseases"},{"key":"54575_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786235","volume":"35","author":"L Hallberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hallberg, L. Iron requirements. Biological trace element research 35, 25\u201345 (1992).","journal-title":"Biological trace element research"},{"key":"54575_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/106.2.201","volume":"106","author":"JD Lafferty","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lafferty, J. D., Crowther, M. A., Ali, M. A. & Levine, M. The evaluation of various mathematical RBC indices and their efficacy in discriminating between thalassemic and non-thalassemic microcytosis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 106, 201\u2013205 (1996).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/80.3.322","volume":"80","author":"JD Bessman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bessman, J. D., Gilmer, P. R. & Gardner, F. H. Improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 80, 322\u2013326 (1983).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPD0PJGFT0SXMK","volume":"131","author":"Z Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Chaffin, C. H., Easley, P. L., Thigpen, B. & Reddy, V. V. Prevalence of elevated hemoglobin A2 measured by the CAPILLARYS system. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 131, 42\u201348 (2009).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR12","first-page":"305","volume":"29","author":"A Cao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cao, A., Rosatelli, M. C., Monni, G. & Galanello, R. Screening for thalassemia: a model of success. Obstetrics and Gynecology. Clinics 29, 305\u2013328 (2002).","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"54575_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1320-AATAIT","volume":"124","author":"TL Kiss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kiss, T. L., Ali, M. A., Levine, M. & Lafferty, J. D. An algorithm to aid in the investigation of thalassemia trait in multicultural populations. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 124, 1320\u20131323 (2000).","journal-title":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine"},{"key":"54575_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.7.1066","volume":"48","author":"C Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas, C. & Thomas, L. Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Clinical chemistry 48, 1066\u20131076 (2002).","journal-title":"Clinical chemistry"},{"key":"54575_CR15","first-page":"228874","volume":"2010","author":"AF Goddard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goddard, A. F., James, M. W., McIntyre, A. S. & Scott, B. B. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut, gut. 2010, 228874 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut, gut."},{"key":"54575_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.056945","volume":"62","author":"A Mosca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mosca, A., Paleari, R., Ivaldi, G., Galanello, R. & Giordano, P. The role of haemoglobin A2 testing in the diagnosis of thalassaemias and related haemoglobinopathies. Journal of Clinical Pathology 62, 13\u201317 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01636.x","volume":"44","author":"A Demir","year":"2002","unstructured":"Demir, A., Yarali, N., Fisgin, T., Duru, F. & Kara, A. Most reliable indices in differentiation between thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Pediatrics International 44, 612\u2013616 (2002).","journal-title":"Pediatrics International"},{"key":"54575_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907083410207","volume":"341","author":"N Oliveri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oliveri, N. The beta-thalassemias. N Engl J Med 341, 99\u2013109 (1999).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"54575_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91878-3","volume":"301","author":"J England","year":"1973","unstructured":"England, J. & Fraser, P. Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait by routine blood-count. The Lancet 301, 449\u2013452 (1973).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"54575_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/66.5.870","volume":"66","author":"GG Klee","year":"1976","unstructured":"Klee, G. G., Fairbanks, V. F., Pierre, R. V. & O\u2019sullivan, M. B. Routine erythrocyte measurements in diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 66, 870\u2013877 (1976).","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"54575_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91446-3","volume":"301","author":"W Mentzer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mentzer, W. Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait. The Lancet 301, 882 (1973).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"54575_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90637-5","volume":"301","author":"P Srivastava","year":"1973","unstructured":"Srivastava, P. & Bevington, J. Iron deficiency and\/or Thalassaemia trait. The Lancet 301, 832 (1973).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"54575_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92128-6","volume":"309","author":"I Shine","year":"1977","unstructured":"Shine, I. & Lal, S. A strategy to detect \u03b2-thalassaemia minor. The Lancet 309, 692\u2013694 (1977).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"54575_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V53.2.288.288","volume":"53","author":"JD Bessman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bessman, J. D. & Feinstein, D. Quantitative anisocytosis as a discriminant between iron deficiency and thalassemia minor. Blood 53, 288\u2013293 (1979).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"54575_CR25","first-page":"409","volume":"72","author":"B Ricerca","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ricerca, B. et al. Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait: a new approach. Haematologica 72, 409\u2013413 (1986).","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"54575_CR26","first-page":"481","volume":"15","author":"R Green","year":"1989","unstructured":"Green, R. & King, R. A new red cell discriminant incorporating volume dispersion for differentiating iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia minor. Blood cells 15, 481\u2013495 (1989).","journal-title":"Blood cells"},{"key":"54575_CR27","first-page":"177","volume":"100","author":"AD Gupta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gupta, A. D., Hegde, C. & Mistri, R. Red cell distribution width as a measure of severity of iron deficiency in iron deficiency anemia. Indian J Med Res 100, 177\u2013183 (1994).","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"54575_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199907000-00040","volume":"21","author":"S Jayabose","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jayabose, S. et al. # 262 Differentiating iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia minor by using an RDW-based index. Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology 21, 314 (1999).","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"54575_CR29","first-page":"149","volume":"5","author":"OA Telmissani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Telmissani, O. A., Khalil, S. & Roberts, G. T. Mean density of hemoglobin per liter of blood: a new hematologic parameter with an inherent discriminant function. Laboratory Hematology 5, 149\u2013152 (1999).","journal-title":"Laboratory Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR30","unstructured":"Huber, A. R. et al. In Schweiz Med Forum. 947\u2013952 (2004)."},{"key":"54575_CR31","unstructured":"Kohan, N. & Ramzi, M. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of Kerman index I and II in screening beta thalassemia minor. (2008)."},{"key":"54575_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2007.00966.x","volume":"30","author":"M Sirdah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sirdah, M., Tarazi, I., Al Najjar, E. & Al Haddad, R. Evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of different RBC indices and formulas in the differentiation of the \u03b2\u2010thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency in Palestinian population. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 30, 324\u2013330 (2008).","journal-title":"International Journal of Laboratory Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2009.473.475","volume":"12","author":"M Ehsani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehsani, M., Shahgholi, E., Rahiminejad, M., Seighali, F. & Rashidi, A. A new index for discrimination between iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia minor: results in 284 patients. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS 12, 473\u2013475 (2009).","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS"},{"key":"54575_CR34","first-page":"368","volume":"26","author":"B Keikhaei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keikhaei, B. A new valid formula in differentiating iron deficiency anemia from \u00df-thalassemia trait. Pakist J Med Sci 26, 368\u2013373 (2010).","journal-title":"Pakist J Med Sci"},{"key":"54575_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishad, A. A. N., Pathmeswaran, A., Wickremasinghe, A. & Premawardhena, A. The Thal-index with the BTT prediction. exe to discriminate \u00df-thalassaemia traits from other microcytic anaemias. (2012).","DOI":"10.4081\/thal.2012.e1"},{"key":"54575_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000337032","volume":"127","author":"K Wongprachum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wongprachum, K. et al. Proxy indicators for identifying iron deficiency among anemic vegetarians in an area prevalent for thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies. Acta haematologica 127, 250\u2013255 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta haematologica"},{"key":"54575_CR37","first-page":"118","volume":"35","author":"P Dharmani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dharmani, P. et al. Developing a new index and its comparison with other CBC-based indices for screening of beta thalassemia trait in a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 35, 118 (2013).","journal-title":"International Journal of Laboratory Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269.2014.930044","volume":"38","author":"S Pornprasert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pornprasert, S., Panya, A., Punyamung, M., Yanola, J. & Kongpan, C. Red cell indices and formulas used in differentiation of \u03b2-thalassemia trait from iron deficiency in Thai school children. Hemoglobin 38, 258\u2013261 (2014).","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"54575_CR39","first-page":"174","volume":"45","author":"N Sirachainan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sirachainan, N. et al. New mathematical formula for differentiating thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia in thalassemia prevalent area: a study in healthy school-age children. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 45, 174 (2014).","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"54575_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordbar, E., Taghipour, M. & Zucconi, B. E. Reliability of different RBC indices and formulas in discriminating between \u03b2-thalassemia minor and other microcytic hypochromic cases. Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases 7 (2015).","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2015.022"},{"key":"54575_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1179\/102453311X12940641877849","volume":"16","author":"A Janel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janel, A. et al. Proposal of a score combining red blood cell indices for early differentiation of beta\u2010thalassemia minor from iron deficiency anemia. Hematology 16, 123\u2013127 (2011).","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR42","unstructured":"Keykhaei, B., Rahim, f., Zandian, K. M. & Pedram, M. Comparison of Different Indices For Better Differential Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia From B Thalassemia Trait. (2007)."},{"key":"54575_CR43","unstructured":"Ehsani, M. et al. Discrimination of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Beta Thalassemia Minor Based on a New Index. (2007)."},{"key":"54575_CR44","first-page":"Pe31","volume":"3","author":"A Ahmadi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmadi, A., Khalilabadi, R., Noorozi, M., Cohan, N. & Ramzi, M. Evaluation of discrimination indices validity for screening of \u03b2-thalassemia trait. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal 3, Pe31\u2013Pe36, En35 (2009).","journal-title":"Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal"},{"key":"54575_CR45","first-page":"138","volume":"26","author":"F Rahim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahim, F. & Keikhaei, B. Better differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia from beta-thalassemia trait. Turk J Hematol 26, 138\u2013145 (2009).","journal-title":"Turk J Hematol"},{"key":"54575_CR46","unstructured":"Ghafouri, M., Mostaan, S. L., Sharifi, S., Hosseini, G. L. & Atar, C. Z. Comparison of cell counter indices in differentiation of beta thalassemia minor from iron deficiency anemia. (2006)."},{"key":"54575_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-007-0302-x","volume":"86","author":"G Ntaios","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ntaios, G. et al. Discrimination indices as screening tests for \u03b2-thalassemic trait. Annals of hematology 86, 487\u2013491 (2007).","journal-title":"Annals of hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.00853.x","volume":"78","author":"C Beyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beyan, C., Kaptan, K. & Ifran, A. Predictive value of discrimination indices in differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and beta\u2010thalassemia trait. European journal of haematology 78, 524\u2013526 (2007).","journal-title":"European journal of haematology"},{"key":"54575_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fml070","volume":"53","author":"SM AlFadhli","year":"2006","unstructured":"AlFadhli, S. M., Al-Awadhi, A. M. & AlKhaldi, D. A. Validity assessment of nine discriminant functions used for the differentiation between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor. Journal of tropical pediatrics 53, 93\u201397 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of tropical pediatrics"},{"key":"54575_CR50","first-page":"275","volume":"42","author":"A Batebi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Batebi, A., Pourreza, A. & Esmailian, R. Discrimination of beta-thalassemia minor and iron deficiency anemia by screening test for red blood cell indices. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 42, 275\u2013280 (2012).","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"54575_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, I. L. et al. Detection of \u03b2-thalassemia carriers by red cell parameters obtained from automatic counters using mathematical formulas. Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases 10 (2018).","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2018.008"},{"key":"54575_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urrechaga, E. & Hoffmann, J. J. Critical appraisal of discriminant formulas for distinguishing thalassemia from iron deficiency in patients with microcytic anemia. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) (2017).","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0856"},{"key":"54575_CR53","first-page":"27","volume":"8","author":"E Miri-Moghaddam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miri-Moghaddam, E. & Sargolzaie, N. Cut off determination of discrimination indices in differential diagnosis between iron deficiency anemia and \u03b2-thalassemia minor. International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research 8, 27 (2014).","journal-title":"International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research"},{"key":"54575_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845412Y.0000000054","volume":"18","author":"JF Matos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matos, J. F. et al. Comparison of discriminative indices for iron deficiency anemia and \u03b2 thalassemia trait in a Brazilian population. Hematology 18, 169\u2013174 (2013).","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181e5e26e","volume":"32","author":"C Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen, C. et al. Evaluation of indices in differentiation between iron deficiency anemia and \u03b2-thalassemia trait for Chinese children. Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology 32, e218\u2013e222 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"54575_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/576738","volume":"2014","author":"Aysel Vehapoglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vehapoglu, A. et al. Hematological indices for differential diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Anemia 2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"key":"54575_CR57","first-page":"61","volume":"22","author":"A-M \u0160imundi\u0107","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u0160imundi\u0107, A.-M. Measures of diagnostic accuracy: basic definitions. Med Biol Sci 22, 61\u201365 (2008).","journal-title":"Med Biol Sci"},{"key":"54575_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-299","volume":"4","author":"J Maroco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maroco, J. et al. Data mining methods in the prediction of Dementia: A real-data comparison of the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, neural networks, support vector machines, classification trees and random forests. BMC research notes 4, 299 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"54575_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1198\/016214501753168271","volume":"96","author":"H Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, H. & Loh, W.-Y. Classification trees with unbiased multiway splits. Journal of the American Statistical Association 96, 589\u2013604 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"54575_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1198\/1061860032049","volume":"12","author":"H Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim, H. & Loh, W.-Y. Classification trees with bivariate linear discriminant node models. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 12, 512\u2013530 (2003).","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics"},{"key":"54575_CR61","unstructured":"Sharma, S. Applied multivariate techniques. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995)."},{"key":"54575_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-3046","volume":"107","author":"E Beutler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beutler, E. & Waalen, J. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood 107, 1747\u20131750, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2005-07-3046 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"54575_CR63","first-page":"55","volume":"42","author":"N Madan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Madan, N., Sikka, M., Sharma, S., Rusia, U. & Kela, K. Red cell indices and discriminant functions in the detection of beta-thalassaemia trait in a population with high prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 42, 55\u201361 (1999).","journal-title":"Indian journal of pathology & microbiology"},{"key":"54575_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjhh.2016.05.011","volume":"38","author":"JF Matos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matos, J. F. et al. A new index to discriminate between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia trait. Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia 38, 214\u2013219 (2016).","journal-title":"Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia"},{"key":"54575_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urrechaga, E., Aguirre, U. & Izquierdo, S. Multivariable discriminant analysis for the differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia. Anemia 2013 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/457834"},{"key":"54575_CR66","first-page":"43","volume":"2","author":"N Tripathi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tripathi, N., Soni, J. P., Sharma, P. K. & Verma, M. Role of Haemogram Parameters and RBC Indices in Screening and Diagnosis of Beta-Thalassemia Trait in Microcytic, Hypochromic Indian Children. International Journal of Hematological Disorders 2, 43\u201346 (2015).","journal-title":"International Journal of Hematological Disorders"},{"key":"54575_CR67","first-page":"A551","volume":"3","author":"S Piplani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piplani, S. et al. Evaluation of various discrimination indices in differentiating Iron deficiency anemia and Beta Thalassemia trait: A practical low cost solution. Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 3, A551\u2013559 (2016).","journal-title":"Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"54575_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1179\/102453310X12583347010098","volume":"15","author":"M Ferrara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferrara, M., Capozzi, L., Russo, R., Bertocco, F. & Ferrara, D. Reliability of red blood cell indices and formulas to discriminate between \u03b2 thalassemia trait and iron deficiency in children. Hematology 15, 112\u2013115 (2010).","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"54575_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.333.12098","volume":"33","author":"T Jameel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jameel, T., Baig, M., Ahmed, I., Hussain, M. B. & Bin Doghaim Alkhamaly, M. Differentiation of beta thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia by hematological indices. Pakistan journal of medical sciences 33, 665 (2017).","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54575-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54575-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54575-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T17:12:18Z","timestamp":1671297138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54575-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["54575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-54575-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18610"}}