{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T21:23:33Z","timestamp":1746393813262,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P407\/16\/20958","18-13692S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P407\/16\/20958","18-13692S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1494218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1494218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 1\u20132% of people of European origin have red hair. Especially female redheads are known to suffer higher pain sensitivity and higher incidence of some disorders, including skin cancer, Parkinson\u2019s disease and endometriosis. Recently, an explorative study performed on 7,000 subjects showed that both male and female redheads score worse on many health-related variables and express a higher incidence of cancer. Here, we ran the preregistered study on a population of 4,117 subjects who took part in an anonymous electronic survey. We confirmed that the intensity of hair redness negatively correlated with physical health, mental health, fecundity and sexual desire, and positively with the number of kinds of drugs prescribed by a doctor currently taken, and with reported symptoms of impaired mental health. It also positively correlated with certain neuropsychiatric disorders, most strongly with learning disabilities disorder and phobic disorder in men and general anxiety disorder in women. However, most of these associations disappeared when the darkness of skin was included in the models, suggesting that skin fairness, not hair redness, is responsible for the associations. We discussed two possible explanations for the observed pattern, the first based on vitamin D deficiency due to the avoidance of sunbathing by subjects with sensitive skin, including some redheads, and second based on folic acid depletion in fair skinned subjects, again including some (a different subpopulation of) redheads. It must be emphasized, however, that both of these explanations are only hypothetical as no data on the concentration of vitamin D or folic acid are available for our subjects. Our results, as well as the conclusions of current reviews, suggest that the new empirical studies on the concentration of vitamin D and folic acids in relation to skin and hair pigmentation are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54662-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T11:37:14Z","timestamp":1575286634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Skin fairness is a better predictor for impaired physical and mental health than hair redness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"S\u00fdkorov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"54662_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260131","volume":"26","author":"EA Hooton","year":"1940","unstructured":"Hooton, E. A. Stature, head form, and pigmentation of adult male Irish. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26, 229\u2013249, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330260131 (1940).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"54662_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01286.x","volume":"20","author":"E Sunderland","year":"1956","unstructured":"Sunderland, E. & Barnicot, N. A. Hair-colour variation in the United Kingdom. Ann. Hum. Genet. 20, 312\u2013333 (1956).","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"54662_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.07.002","volume":"27","author":"P Frost","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frost, P. European hair and eye color - A case of frequency-dependent sexual selection? Evol. Hum. Behav. 27, 85\u2013103 (2006).","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"12","key":"54662_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190238","volume":"12","author":"Peter Frost","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frost, P., Kleisner, K. & Flegr, J. Health status by gender, hair color, and eye color: Red-haired women are the most divergent. PLoS One 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190238 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"54662_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400210088032","volume":"258","author":"AR Rhodes","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rhodes, A. R., Weinstock, M. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Mihm, M. C. Jr. & Sober, A. J. Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. A practical method of recognizing predisposed individuals. JAMA 258, 3146\u20133154 (1987).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"54662_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/Ng1195-328","volume":"11","author":"P Valverde","year":"1995","unstructured":"Valverde, P., Healy, E., Jackson, I., Rees, J. L. & Thody, A. J. Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone-receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nat. Genet. 11, 328\u2013330, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/Ng1195-328 (1995).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"54662_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00357.x","volume":"111","author":"E Wenczl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wenczl, E. et al. (Pheo)melanin photosensitizes UVA-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 678\u2013682, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00357.x (1998).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"54662_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.13.s8.25.x","volume":"13","author":"HZ Hill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hill, H. Z. & Hill, G. J. UVA, pheomelanin and the carcinogenesis of melanoma. Pigment Cell Res. 13(Suppl 8), 140\u2013144 (2000).","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"54662_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300020","volume":"35","author":"AM Morgan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morgan, A. M., Lo, J. & Fisher, D. E. How does pheomelanin synthesis contribute to melanomagenesis? Two distinct mechanisms could explain the carcinogenicity of pheomelanin synthesis. Bioessays 35, 672\u2013676, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.201300020 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"54662_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11624","volume":"491","author":"D Mitra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitra, D. et al. An ultraviolet-radiation-independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis in the red hair\/fair skin background. Nature 491, 449\u2013453, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11624 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"54662_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.381","volume":"4","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X., Feng, D., Schwarzschild, M. A. & Gao, X. Red hair, MC1R variants, and risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease - a meta-analysis. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurolog. 4, 212\u2013216, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.381 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurolog."},{"key":"54662_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21535","volume":"65","author":"X Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao, X., Simon, K. C., Han, J., Schwarzschild, M. A. & Ascherio, A. Genetic determinants of hair color and Parkinson\u2019s disease risk. Ann. Neurol. 65, 76\u201382, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21535 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"54662_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24373","volume":"77","author":"G Tell-Marti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tell-Marti, G. et al. The MC1R melanoma risk variant p.R160W is associated with Parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 77, 889\u2013894, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24373 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"54662_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24852","volume":"81","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. The melanoma-linked \u201credhead\u201d MC1R influences dopaminergic neuron survival. Ann. Neurol. 81, 395\u2013406, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24852 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"54662_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200503000-00006","volume":"102","author":"EB Liem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liem, E. B., Joiner, T. V., Tsueda, K. & Sessler, D. I. Increased sensitivity to thermal pain and reduced subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy in redheads. Anesthesiology 102, 509\u2013514 (2005).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"54662_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57809-1","volume":"64","author":"SH Woodworth","year":"1995","unstructured":"Woodworth, S. H. et al. A prospective study on the association between red hair color and endometriosis in infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 64, 651\u2013652 (1995).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"54662_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.12.008","volume":"85","author":"SA Missmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Missmer, S. A. et al. Natural hair color and the incidence of endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 85, 866\u2013870, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.12.008 (2006).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"54662_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c6931","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6931","volume":"341","author":"AL Cunningham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cunningham, A. L., Jones, C. P., Ansell, J. & Barry, J. D. Red for danger: the effects of red hair in surgical practice. BMJ 341, c6931, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c6931 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"54662_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04540.x","volume":"9","author":"FWG Leebeek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leebeek, F. W. G. et al. The presumed increased bleeding tendency in red-haired individuals is not associated with von Willebrand factor antigen levels in older individuals. J. Thromb. Haemost.\u00a09, 2509\u20132511, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04540.x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"54662_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/03033910.1989.10557730","volume":"10","author":"S Weir","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weir, S. & Fine-Davis, M. Effect of hair colour on some attributed personality characteristics of women. Irish J. Psychol. 10, 11\u201319 (1989).","journal-title":"Irish J. Psychol."},{"key":"54662_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1525\/si.1997.20.4.365","volume":"20","author":"DM Heckert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heckert, D. M. & Best, A. Ugly duckling to swan: Labeling theory and the stigmatization of red hair. Symb Interact 20, 365\u2013384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/si.1997.20.4.365 (1997).","journal-title":"Symb Interact"},{"key":"54662_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903270399","volume":"43","author":"S Allison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allison, S., Roeger, L. & Reinfeld-Kirkman, N. Does school bullying affect adult health? Population survey of health-related quality of life and past victimization. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 43, 1163\u20131170, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00048670903270399 (2009).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"54662_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000202491.99719.c3","volume":"194","author":"GL Gladstone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gladstone, G. L., Parket, G. D. B. & Malhi, G. S. Do bullied children become anxious and depressed adults? A cross-sectional investigation of the correlates of bullying and anxious depression. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 194, 201\u2013208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.nmd.0000202491.99719.c3 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"54662_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1108\/17596591111132873","volume":"3","author":"MM Ttofi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Losel, F. & Loeber, R. Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and metaanalysis of longitudinal studies. J. Aggress.Conf. Peace Res. 3, 63\u201373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17596591111132873 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Aggress.Conf. Peace Res."},{"key":"54662_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kankova, S., Flegr, J. & Calda, P. The influence of latent toxoplasmosis on women\u2019s reproductive function: four cross-sectional studies. Folia Parasitol. 62, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/fp.2015.041 (2015).","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.041"},{"key":"54662_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B Met. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B Met."},{"key":"54662_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0403","volume":"39","author":"NG Jablonski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jablonski, N. G. & Chaplin, G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 57\u2013106, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jhev.2000.0403 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"54662_CR28","unstructured":"Waslien, C. I. Folic acid: Biochemistry and physiology in relation to the human nutrition requirement, 232\u2013246 (The National Academies Press., 1977)."},{"key":"54662_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1021\/pr901103n","volume":"9","author":"SJ Duthie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duthie, S. J. et al. Blood folate status and expression of proteins involved in immune function, inflammation, and coagulation: Biochemical and proteomic changes in the plasma of humans in response to long-term synthetic folic acid supplementation. J Proteome Res 9, 1941\u20131950, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr901103n (2010).","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"S45","key":"54662_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20727","volume":"134","author":"Esteban J. Parra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parra, E. J. Human pigmentation variation: Evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 85\u2013105 (2007).","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"54662_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.jun.S3-S12","volume":"62","author":"PJ Stover","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stover, P. J. Physiology of folate and vitamin B-12 in health and disease. Nutr. Rev. 62, S3\u2013S12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1301\/nr.2004.jun.S3-S12 (2004).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"54662_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1126\/science.675247","volume":"201","author":"RF Branda","year":"1978","unstructured":"Branda, R. F. & Eaton, J. W. Skin color and nutrient photolysis - Evolutionary hypothesis. Science 201, 625\u2013626, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.675247 (1978).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"54662_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050554","volume":"10","author":"Patrice Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones, P., Lucock, M., Veysey, M. & Beckett, E. The vitamin D-folate hypothesis as an evolutionary model for skin pigmentation: An update and integration of current ideas. Nutrients 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10050554 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"54662_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.16.111","volume":"50","author":"DT Papadimitriou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papadimitriou, D. T. The big vitamin D mistake. J. Prev. Med. Public Health\u00a050, 278\u2013281, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.16.111 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"54662_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(99)00002-2","volume":"16","author":"K Prufer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prufer, K., Veenstra, T. D., Jirikowski, G. F. & Kumar, R. Distribution of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat brain and spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 16, 135\u2013145 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"54662_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baas, D. et al. Rat oligodendrocytes express the vitamin D-3 receptor and respond to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3. Glia 31, 59\u201368, doi:10.1002\/(Sici)1098-1136(200007)31:1<59::Aid-Glia60>3.0.Co;2-Y (2000).","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(200007)31:1<59::AID-GLIA60>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"54662_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-208975","volume":"26","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T. et al. In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D-3 metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1. Faseb J 26, 3901\u20133915, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.12-208975 (2012).","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"54662_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T. et al. Detection of novel CYP11A1-derived secosteroids in the human epidermis and serum and pig adrenal gland. Sci Rep 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/Srep14875 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/Srep14875"},{"key":"54662_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12872","volume":"25","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T., Kim, T. K., Li, W. & Tuckey, R. C. Classical and non-classical metabolic transformation of vitamin D in dermal fibroblasts. Exp. Dermatol. 25, 231\u2013232, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.12872 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"54662_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0786-1","volume":"25","author":"T Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 25, 341\u2013350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0786-1 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"54662_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.010","volume":"43","author":"J Mitri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitri, J. & Pittas, A. G. Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 43, 205\u2013232, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.010 (2014).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"54662_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38301.686030.63","volume":"330","author":"CJ Willer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willer, C. J. et al. Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study. BMJ 330, 120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38301.686030.63 (2005).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"54662_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.5.565","volume":"63","author":"G Dean","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dean, G. & Elian, M. Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean immigrants and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 63, 565\u2013568 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"54662_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","volume":"6","author":"S Spedding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spedding, S. Vitamin D and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws. Nutrients 6, 1501\u20131518, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6041501 (2014).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"54662_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01797.x","volume":"99","author":"DW Eyles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eyles, D. W. Vitamin D and autism: does skin colour modify risk? Acta Paediatr. 99, 645\u2013647, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01797.x (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"54662_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000019","volume":"19","author":"K Saad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saad, K. et al. Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr. Neurosci. 19, 346\u2013351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000019 (2016).","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"54662_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/Jpd-150615","volume":"6","author":"LM Rimmelzwaan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rimmelzwaan, L. M., van Schoor, N. M., Lips, P., Berendse, H. W. & Eekhoff, E. M. W. Systematic review of the relationship between vitamin D and Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinson Dis. 6, 29\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/Jpd-150615 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Parkinson Dis."},{"key":"54662_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.753","volume":"51","author":"C Mattock","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mattock, C., Marmot, M. & Stern, G. Could Parkinson\u2019s disease follow intra-uterine influenza?: a speculative hypothesis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51, 753\u2013756 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"54662_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1273","volume":"49","author":"Y Sato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sato, Y., Kikuyama, M. & Oizumi, K. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 49, 1273\u20131278 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"54662_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00742.x","volume":"114","author":"S Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha, S., Chant, D. C., Welham, J. L. & McGrath, J. J. The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 114, 36\u201339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00742.x (2006).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"54662_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00435-8","volume":"63","author":"J McGrath","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGrath, J., Eyles, D., Mowry, B., Yolken, R. & Buka, S. Low maternal vitamin D as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a pilot study using banked sera. Schizophr. Res. 63, 73\u201378 (2003).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"54662_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcion, E. et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase during rat brain inflammation: Regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3. Glia 22, 282\u2013294, doi:10.1002\/(Sici)1098-1136(199803)22:3<282::Aid-Glia7>3.0.Co;2-7 (1998).","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199803)22:3<282::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"54662_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","volume":"140","author":"CK Glass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glass, C. K., Saijo, K., Winner, B., Marchetto, M. C. & Gage, F. H. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 140, 918\u2013934, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"54662_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.07.013","volume":"153","author":"P Ko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ko, P., Burkert, R., McGrath, J. & Eyles, D. Maternal vitamin D3 deprivation and the regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle during rat brain development. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 153, 61\u201368, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.07.013 (2004).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"54662_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914628107","volume":"107","author":"NG Jablonski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jablonski, N. G. & Chaplin, G. Colloquium paper: human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107(Suppl 2), 8962\u20138968, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0914628107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"54662_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373","volume":"67","author":"AR Webb","year":"1988","unstructured":"Webb, A. R., Kline, L. & Holick, M. F. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67, 373\u2013378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"54662_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.02.003","volume":"64","author":"PM Elias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elias, P. M. & Williams, M. L. Re-appraisal of current theories for the development and loss of epidermal pigmentation in hominins and modern humans. J. Hum. Evol. 64, 687\u2013692, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.02.003 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"54662_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9862-0","volume":"23","author":"E Linos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Linos, E. et al. Sun protective behaviors and vitamin D levels in the US population: NHANES 2003\u20132006. Canc. Caus.Contr. 23, 133\u2013140, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-011-9862-0 (2012).","journal-title":"Canc. Caus.Contr."},{"key":"54662_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003","volume":"84","author":"A Slominski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Slominski, A., Tobin, D. J., Shibahara, S. & Wortsman, J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol. Rev. 84, 1155\u20131228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003 (2004).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"54662_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918","volume":"156","author":"A Slominski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slominski, A. & Postlethwaite, A. E. Skin under the sun: When melanin pigment meets vitamin D. Endocrinology 156, 1\u20134, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2014-1918 (2015).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"54662_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.131.4.415","volume":"131","author":"R Marks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marks, R. et al. The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin-D levels in an Australian population - Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 415\u2013421, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.131.4.415 (1995).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"54662_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12096","volume":"30","author":"S Kannan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kannan, S. & Lim, H. W. Photoprotection and vitamin D: a review. J. Prev. Med. Pub. Health 30, 137\u2013145, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12096 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Pub. Health"},{"key":"54662_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1986.59.2.811","volume":"59","author":"DE Clyson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Clyson, D. E. & Maughan, M. R. C. Redheads and blonds: stereotypic images. Psychol. Rep. 59, 811\u2013816, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1986.59.2.811 (1986).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"54662_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-012-0158-6","volume":"57","author":"N Gueguen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gueguen, N. Hair color and courtship: blond women received more courtship solicitations and redhead men received more refusals. Psychol. Stud. 57, 369\u2013375 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Stud."},{"key":"54662_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.03.011","volume":"49","author":"K Kleisner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kleisner, K., Kocnar, T., Rubesov\u00e1, A. & Flegr, J. Eye color predicts but does not directly influence perceived dominance in men. Pers. Individ. Diff. 49, 59\u201364 (2010).","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Diff."},{"issue":"1","key":"54662_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053285","volume":"8","author":"Karel Kleisner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kleisner, K., Priplatova, L., Frost, P. & Flegr, J. Trustworthy-looking face meets brown eyes. PLoS One 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0053285 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"54662_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.09.001","volume":"40","author":"J Flegr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flegr, J. & Horacek, J. Toxoplasma-infected subjects report an obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis more often and score higher in obsessive-compulsive inventory. Eur. Psychiat. 40, 82\u201387, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.09.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiat."},{"key":"54662_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.5.0410","volume":"21","author":"A Slominski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slominski, A. & Wortsman, J. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr. Rev. 21, 457\u2013487, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv.21.5.0410 (2000).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"54662_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.04.006","volume":"103","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T., Manna, P. R. & Tuckey, R. C. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 103, 72\u201388, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.04.006 (2015).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"54662_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03230","volume":"159","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Plonka, P. M., Szaflarski, J. P. & Paus, R. How UV light touches the brain and endocrine system through skin, and why. Endocrinology 159, 1992\u20132007, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2017-03230 (2018).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"54662_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.025","volume":"138","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T. et al. Melatonin: A cutaneous perspective on its production, metabolism, and functions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 138, 490\u2013499, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.025 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"54662_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12642","volume":"93","author":"C Skobowiat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skobowiat, C., Postlethwaite, A. E. & Slominski, A. T. Skin exposure to ultraviolet B rapidly activates systemic neuroendocrine and immunosuppressive responses. Photochem. Photobiol. 93, 1008\u20131015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.12642 (2017).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"54662_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.450","volume":"135","author":"C Skobowiat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skobowiat, C. & Slominski, A. T. UVB Activates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in C57BL\/6 mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 135, 1638\u20131648, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2014.450 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"54662_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E484","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00217.2011","volume":"301","author":"C Skobowiat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skobowiat, C., Dowdy, J. C., Sayre, R. M., Tuckey, R. C. & Slominski, A. Cutaneous hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homolog: regulation by ultraviolet radiation. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E484\u2013493, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00217.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54662-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54662-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54662-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T23:29:18Z","timestamp":1722122958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54662-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["54662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-54662-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18138"}}