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Twenty-one young healthy participants were randomized to receive either intermittent bright (~9,500\u2009lux) light (IBL), continuous bright light (CBL) or continuous dim (~1\u2009lux) light (VDL) for 6.5\u2009h during the biological night (n\u2009=\u20097\n                    <jats:italic>per<\/jats:italic>\n                    condition). Melatonin suppression occurred rapidly within the first 5\u2009min and continued until the end of each IBL stimuli (t\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009~13\u2009min). Melatonin recovery occurred more slowly between IBL stimuli (half-maximal recovery rate of ~46\u2009min). Mean melatonin suppression (~40%) and recovery (~50%) were similar across IBL stimuli. Suppression dynamics under CBL were also rapid (t\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009~18\u2009min), with no recovery until the light exposure ended. There was a significant linear increase of cortisol levels between the start and end of each IBL stimulus. Under CBL conditions cortisol showed trimodal changes with an initial linear activating phase, followed by an exponential inhibitory phase, and a final exponential recovery phase. These results show that light exposure at night affects circadian driven hormones differently and that outcomes are influenced by the duration and pattern of light exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54806-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T06:02:42Z","timestamp":1577080962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Characterizing the temporal Dynamics of Melatonin and Cortisol Changes in Response to Nocturnal Light Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shadab A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Kenneth P.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Lockley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Czeisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6549-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Gronfier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"54806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3595.1071","volume":"142","author":"RJ Wurtman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Wurtman, R. 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C.G. has had the following commercial interests related to lighting: consulting contracts with Dayvia, Lucibel; unrestricted equipment gifts from Dayvia, HeLight. C.G. is listed as an inventor on 2 patents filed by Inserm Transfert on a wearable health and lifestyle device, and on a lighting apparatus with optimum stimulation of non-visual functions. S.A.R. holds patents for prevention of circadian rhythm disruption by using optical filters and improving sleep performance in subjects exposed to light at night; S.A.R. owns equity in Melcort Inc.; S.A.R. is a co-investigator on studies sponsored by Biological Illuminations, LLC; Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.,\u00a0Seoul Semiconductor Co. LTD. S.A.R. has provided paid consulting services to Sultan & Knight Limited t\/a Circadia, Bambu Vault LLC. S.A.R. has received honoraria as an invited speaker and travel funds from Starry Skies Lake Superior, University of Minnesota Medical School, PennWell Corp., Seoul Semiconductor Co. LTD. K.P.W. reports funding from the National Institutes of Health, Office of Naval Research, The PAC-212 conference, Philips Inc., CurAegis Technologies (formerly Torvec Inc); Consulting fees from or served as a paid member of scientific advisory boards for NIH, CurAegis Technologies; Speaker honorarium fees from American College of Chest Physicians, The Obesity Society, and Obesity Medicine Association. S.W.L. reports receiving consulting fees from Atlanta Falcons, Atlanta Hawks, Carbon Limiting Technologies Ltd on behalf of PhotoStar LED, Perceptive Advisors, PlanLED, Serrado Capital, Slingshot Insights, and has ongoing consulting contracts with Akili Interactive, Consumer Sleep Solutions, Delos Living LLC, Environmental Light Sciences LLC, Focal Point LLC, Headwaters Inc., Hintsa Performance AG, Light Cognitive, Mental Workout, OpTerra Energy Services Inc., Pegasus Capital Advisors LP, Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering; has received unrestricted equipment gifts from Biological Illuminations LLC; Bionetics Corporation; and F. Lux Software LLC; royalties from Oxford University Press; honoraria plus travel, accommodation or meals for invited seminars, conference presentations or teaching from Estee Lauder, Informa Exhibitions, and Teague; travel, accommodation and\/or meals only (no honoraria) for invited seminars, conference presentations or teaching from Hintsa Performance AG, Lightfair and USGBC; ongoing investigator-initiated research grants from Biological Illumination LLC and F. Lux Software LLC; has completed service agreements with Rio Tinto Iron Ore and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; and has completed three sponsor-initiated clinical research contracts with Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Lockley also holds a process patent for the use of short-wavelength light for resetting the human circadian pacemaker and improving alertness and performance which is assigned to the Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital per Hospital policy. Dr. Lockley has also served as a paid expert witness in two cases related to sleep, circadian rhythms, work hours and\/or light. Dr Lockley also serves as a Program Leader in the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity. C.A.C. reports grants from Cephalon Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals Plc., Inc., National Football League Charities, Optum, Philips Respironics, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, ResMed Foundation, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Sanofi S.A., Sanofi-Aventis, Inc, Schneider Inc., Sepracor, Inc, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, Sysco, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries, Ltd., and Wake Up Narcolepsy; and personal fees from Bose Corporation, Boston Celtics, Boston Red Sox, Cephalon, Inc., Columbia River Bar Pilots, Gan\u00e9sco Inc., Institute of Digital Media and Child Development, Klarman Family Foundation, Samsung Electronics, Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Teva Pharma Australia, Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Washington State Board of Pilotage Commissioners, Zurich Insurance Company, Ltd. In addition, CAC holds a number of process patents in the field of sleep\/circadian rhythms (e.g., photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker) and holds an equity interest in Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Since 1985, CAC has also served as an expert on various legal and technical cases related to sleep and\/or circadian rhythms, including those involving the following commercial entities: Casper Sleep Inc., Comair\/Delta Airlines, Complete General Construction Company, FedEx, Greyhound, HG Energy LLC, Purdue Pharma, LP, South Carolina Central Railroad Co., Steel Warehouse Inc., Stric-Lan Companies LLC, Texas Premier Resource LLC, and United Parcel Service (UPS). CAC receives royalties from the New England Journal of Medicine; McGraw Hill; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\/Penguin; and Philips Respironics, Inc. for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch-Spectrum devices. Interests for S.A.R., S.W.L. and C.A.C. were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19720"}}