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This is a prospective cohort study. Anthropometric measurements of the children were obtained during scheduled clinical visits. Tests for 25(OHD), ferritin, zinc and complete blood count were performed yearly until 3 years of age. Clinical records and questionnaires on dietary habits were obtained. The results showed that despite official recommendations on vitamin D\/iron supplements for breastfed children, less than 10% of our exclusively breastfed children received regular supplements. Thus, after 1 year, the odds for having iron deficiency anemia and vitamin D insufficiency were 9 [95% CI, 4\u201319] and 6 [95% CI, 2\u201316], respectively. Longitudinal follow-up showed the prevalence of iron deficiency to decrease from 34% at 1 year to 2% at age 3 years. However, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency remained persistently high throughout the first three years of life (60% at 1 to 44% at 3 years). Very few children had zinc deficiency. Anthropometric measurements showed exclusively breastfed children to have lower mean <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>-scores for body weight and height when compared to mixed-fed children after 12 months. In conclusion, children who were exclusively breastfed for longer than 4 months without proper supplement were more likely to have transient iron deficiency anemia and persistent vitamin D insufficiency. Their growth became relatively slower after infancy. Whether this was associated with underlying inadequate serum vitamin D and iron level remains an important issue to be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55341-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T11:04:00Z","timestamp":1576235040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trajectory of vitamin D, micronutrient status and childhood growth in exclusively breastfed children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sui-Ling","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Chieh","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Chin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Han","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Wei","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen-Hao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Long","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"55341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1530","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2465","volume":"131","author":"JL Maguire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maguire, J. 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