{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:10:57Z","timestamp":1790021457527,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS-90634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-90634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR-70517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR-70517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysfunction in the contractile properties of the diaphragm muscle contributes to the morbidity and mortality in many neuromuscular and respiratory diseases. Methods that can accurately quantify diaphragm function in mouse models are essential for preclinical studies. Diaphragm function is usually measured using the diaphragm strip. Two methods have been used to attach the diaphragm strip to the force transducer. The suture method is easy to adopt but it cannot maintain the physiological orientation of the muscle fibers. Hence, results may not accurately reflect diaphragm contractility. The clamp method can better maintain diaphragm muscle fiber orientation but is used less often because detailed information on clamp fabrication and application has never been published. Importantly, a side-by-side comparison of the two methods is lacking. To address these questions, we engineered diaphragm clamps using mechanically highly durable material. Here, we present a detailed and ready-to-use protocol on the design and manufacture of diaphragm clamps. Also, we present a step by step protocol on how to mount the diaphragm strip to the clamp and then to the muscle force measurement system. We compared the diaphragm force from the same mouse with both suture and clamp methods. We found the clamp method yielded a significantly higher muscle force. Finally, we validated the utility of the clamp method in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In summary, the clamp method described in this paper yields reliable and consistent diaphragm force data. This method will be useful to any laboratory interested in performing mouse diaphragm function assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55704-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1576753372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An improved method for studying mouse diaphragm function"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chady H.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais B.","family":"Lessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora N.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8224-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"55704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005075","volume":"123","author":"JM Ritchie","year":"1954","unstructured":"Ritchie, J. M. The relation between force and velocity of shortening in rat muscle. J Physiol 123, 633\u2013639 (1954).","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"55704_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013656","volume":"313","author":"AR Luff","year":"1981","unstructured":"Luff, A. R. Dynamic properties of the inferior rectus, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and soleus muscles of the mouse. J Physiol 313, 161\u2013171 (1981).","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"55704_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110709","volume":"70","author":"GS Supinski","year":"1982","unstructured":"Supinski, G. S. & Kelsen, S. G. Effect of elastase-induced emphysema on the force-generating ability of the diaphragm. 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D.D. is an inventor on a patent licensed to Solid Biosciences, LLC. The Duan lab has received research supports unrelated to the study presented in this paper from Solid Biosciences, LLC. C.H.H. and D.D. had filed a disclosure on the clamp design with the University of Missouri. T.B.L., G.J., N.Y. and C.E.A. declare no competing financial interests. D.D. is a member of the scientific advisory board for Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy. D.D. is a member on the Musculo-Skeletal Committee, American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy. C.H.H., T.B.L., G.J., N.Y. and C.E.A. declare no competing non-financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19453"}}