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A relationship between tonsillar immunity and glomerulonephritis has been recognized in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), and specific pathogens may have effects on tonsillar immunity (mucosal immunity). Here, we present findings showing a relationship between the presence of Cnm-positive <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> strains in the tonsils of IgAN patients and IgAN condition\/pathogenesis. Analyses of tonsillar specimens obtained from patients with IgAN (n\u2009=\u200961) and chronic tonsillitis (controls; n\u2009=\u200940) showed that the Cnm protein-positive rate was significantly higher in IgAN patients. Among IgAN patients, the tonsillar Cnm-positive group (n\u2009=\u200915) had a significantly higher proportion of patients with high urinary protein (&gt;1.5\u2009g\/gCr) and lower serum albumin level than the Cnm-negative group (n\u2009=\u200946). Additionally, Cnm protein and CD68, a common human macrophage marker, were shown to be merged in the tonsils of IgAN patients. These findings suggest that Cnm-positive <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> strains in the tonsils may be associated with severe IgAN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56679-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1577444562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Specific strains of Streptococcus mutans, a pathogen of dental caries, in the tonsils, are associated with IgA nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Seigo","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Misaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Naka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoruko","family":"Wato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Otsugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyo","family":"Matsumoto-Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroo","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"56679_CR1","first-page":"168","volume":"60","author":"SN Emancipator","year":"1989","unstructured":"Emancipator, S. 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