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However, the current knowledge on the mutation spectra is limited, and the effects of radiation exposure on germ cells at stages other than the sperm stage remain unknown. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing experiments to investigate the exposure of spermatogonia and mature oocytes. We compared<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>mutations in a total of 24 F1 mice conceived before and after the irradiation of their parents. The results indicated that radiation exposure, 4\u2009Gy of gamma rays, induced 9.6 indels and 2.5 multisite mutations in spermatogonia and 4.7 indels and 3.1 multisite mutations in mature oocytes in the autosomal regions of each F1 individual. Notably, we found two types of deletions, namely, small deletions (mainly 1~12 nucleotides) in non-repeat sequences, many of which showed microhomology at the breakpoint junction, and single-nucleotide deletions in mononucleotide repeat sequences. The results suggest that these deletions and multisite mutations could be a typical signature of mutations induced by parental irradiation in mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56881-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1578481392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Characteristics of induced mutations in offspring derived from irradiated mouse spermatogonia and mature oocytes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2637-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasunari","family":"Satoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-ichi","family":"Asakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Shinkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry M.","family":"Cullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Minakuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0728-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiya","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nori","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arikuni","family":"Uchimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"56881_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.66.1699.84","volume":"66","author":"HJ Muller","year":"1927","unstructured":"Muller, H. J. Artificial Transmutation Of The Gene. Science 66, 84\u201387 (1927).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"56881_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7868\/S0016675816010033","volume":"52","author":"YE Dubrova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubrova, Y. E. [Mutation Induction in the Mouse and Human Germline]. Genetika 52, 24\u201336 (2016).","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"56881_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-111212-133501","volume":"47","author":"N Nakamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakamura, N., Suyama, A., Noda, A. & Kodama, Y. Radiation effects on human heredity. Annu. Rev. Genet. 47, 33\u201350 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"56881_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2013.04.001","volume":"753","author":"MP Little","year":"2013","unstructured":"Little, M. P., Goodhead, D. T., Bridges, B. A. & Bouffler, S. D. Evidence relevant to untargeted and transgenerational effects in the offspring of irradiated parents. Mutat. Res. 753, 50\u201367 (2013).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"56881_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00209-0","volume":"16","author":"EJ Grant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant, E. J. et al. Risk of death among children of atomic bomb survivors after 62 years of follow-up: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 16, 1316\u20131323 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"56881_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-035404-7.50010-3","volume":"4","author":"AG Searle","year":"1974","unstructured":"Searle, A. G. Mutation induction in mice. Adv. Radiat. Biol. 4, 131\u2013207 (1974).","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"56881_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7684","volume":"6","author":"AB Adewoye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adewoye, A. 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