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We investigated if a positive anti-neuronal antibody status at admission to acute psychiatric inpatient care was associated with a more severe neuropsychiatric phenotype and more frequent abnormalities during clinical work-up three years later. Patients admitted to acute psychiatric inpatient care who tested positive for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) and\/or glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibodies (n\u2009=\u200924) were age \u2013 and sex matched with antibody-negative patients (1:2) from the same cohort (n\u2009=\u200948). All patients were invited to follow-up including psychometric testing (e.g. Symptom Checklist-90-Revised), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling, EEG and 3\u2009T brain MRI. Twelve antibody-positive (ab+) and 26 antibody-negative (ab\u2212) patients consented to follow-up. Ab+ patients had more severe symptoms of depression (p\u2009=\u20090.03), psychoticism (p\u2009=\u20090.04) and agitation (p\u2009=\u20090.001) compared to ab\u2212 patients. There were no differences in CSF analysis (n\u2009=\u20096 ab+\/12 ab\u2212), EEG (n\u2009=\u20097 ab+\/19 ab\u2212) or brain MRI (n\u2009=\u20097 ab+\/17 ab\u2212) between the groups. In conclusion, anti-neuronal ab+ status during index admission was associated with more severe symptoms of depression, psychoticism and agitation at three-year follow-up. This supports the hypothesis that anti-neuronal antibodies may be of clinical significance in a subgroup of psychiatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56934-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T18:04:51Z","timestamp":1577988291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A prospective three-year follow-up study on the clinical significance of anti-neuronal antibodies in acute psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"M. B.","family":"Schou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"S\u00e6ther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O. 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