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Within the BIOVACSAFE framework, we conducted three identically designed, placebo-controlled inpatient\/outpatient clinical studies (NCT01765413\/NCT01771354\/NCT01771367). Six antiviral vaccination strategies were evaluated to generate training data-sets of pre-\/post-vaccination vital signs, blood changes and whole-blood gene transcripts, and to identify putative biomarkers of early inflammation\/reactogenicity that could guide the design of subsequent focused confirmatory studies. Healthy adults (N\u2009=\u2009123; 20\u201321\/group) received one immunization at Day (D)0. Alum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine elicited vital signs and inflammatory (CRP\/innate cells) responses that were similar between primed\/naive vaccinees, and low-level gene responses. MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (ATIV) induced distinct physiological (temperature\/heart rate\/reactogenicity) response-patterns not seen with non-adjuvanted TIV or with the other vaccines. ATIV also elicited robust early (D1) activation of IFN-related genes (associated with serum IP-10 levels) and innate-cell-related genes, and changes in monocyte\/neutrophil\/lymphocyte counts, while TIV elicited similar but lower responses. Due to viral replication kinetics, innate gene activation by live yellow-fever or varicella-zoster virus (YFV\/VZV) vaccines was more suspended, with early IFN-associated responses in na\u00efve YFV-vaccine recipients but not in primed VZV-vaccine recipients. Inflammatory responses (physiological\/serum markers, innate-signaling transcripts) are therefore a function of the vaccine type\/composition and presence\/absence of immune memory. The data reported here have guided the design of confirmatory Phase IV trials using ATIV to provide tools to identify inflammatory or reactogenicity biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56994-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T06:02:44Z","timestamp":1577685764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Characterization of potential biomarkers of reactogenicity of licensed antiviral vaccines: randomized controlled clinical trials conducted by the BIOVACSAFE consortium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"January","family":"Weiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. 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