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In Brazil, <jats:italic>Amblyomma sculptum<\/jats:italic> ticks are the main vector. Capybaras (<jats:italic>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris<\/jats:italic>), the largest living rodents of the world (adults weighing up to 100 Kg), have been recognized as amplifying hosts of <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic> for <jats:italic>A. sculptum<\/jats:italic> in BSF-endemic areas; i.e., once primarily infected, capybaras develop bacteremia for a few days, when feeding ticks acquire rickettsial infection. We conducted experimental infections of five capybaras with an <jats:italic>A. sculptum<\/jats:italic>-derived strain of <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic> and performed clinical and bacteremia evaluation during primary and subsequent infections. Bacteremia was detected in all capybaras during primary infection, but not in subsequent infections. All animals seroconverted to <jats:italic>R. rickettsii<\/jats:italic> (titres range: 64\u201332,768), and remained seropositive throughout the study. Primary infection resulted in clinical spotted fever illness in four capybaras, of which two had a fatal outcome. Subsequent infections in seropositive capybaras resulted in no clinical signs. Capybaras developed a sustained immune response that prevented a second bacteremia. This condition may imply a high reproduction rate of capybaras in BSF-endemic areas, in order to continuously generate capybaras susceptible to bacteremia during primary infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57607-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T11:04:44Z","timestamp":1579691084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical and serological evaluation of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) successively exposed to an Amblyomma sculptum-derived strain of Rickettsia rickettsii"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Uchoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carolina","family":"de Azevedo Serpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina C.","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Castro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias P. 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