{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:16:13Z","timestamp":1779297373587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the toxic effects of phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et), which is widely used in cosmetic industry, has been investigated with <jats:italic>Allium<\/jats:italic> test by means of physiological, cytogenetic, anatomical and biochemical parameters. To determine the changes in physiological reactions weight gain, relative injury rate, germination percentage and root length were investigated. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathion and catalase levels were analyzed as biochemical parameters for determining the presence of oxidative stress. Mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were studied as cytogenetic evaluation and the anatomical changes in root tip cells were investigated by cross sections. Changes in surface polarity and wettability were investigated by taking contact angle measurements of pressed root preparations. The mechanism of toxicity has been tried to be explained by these contact angles and this is the first study using contact angle measurements in toxicity tests. Consequently, exposure to Phy-Et resulted in a decrease in all measured physiological parameters and in mitotic index. In contrast, significant increases in the micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were observed and the most significant toxic effect was found in 10\u2009mM Phy-Et treated group. Phy-Et application induced oxidative damage and caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde level and a decrease in glutathione level compared to control group. Also a response occured against oxidative damage in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and the activities increased in 2.5\u2009mM and 5\u2009mM Phy-Et treated groups and decreased in 10\u2009mM Phy-Et treated groups. Furthermore, Phy-Et treatment resulted in some anatomical damages and changes such as necrosis, cell deformation and thickening of the cortex cell wall in root tip meristem cells of <jats:italic>A. cepa<\/jats:italic>. In the contact angle measurements taken against water, it was found that the wettability and hydrophilicity of the root preparations treated with Phy-Et were reduced, and this was the explanation of the growth abnormalities associated with water uptake. As a result, it was found that Phy-Et application caused toxic effects on many viability parameters and <jats:italic>A. cepa<\/jats:italic> test material was a reliable biomarker in determining these effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58170-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1580122964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Potential Risk Assessment of Phenoxyethanol with a Versatile Model System"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131","family":"Akg\u00fcnd\u00fcz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00fclti\u011fin","family":"\u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emine","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"58170_CR1","unstructured":"Hawley, C. C. The condensed chemical dictionary. 8th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 366 (1971)."},{"key":"58170_CR2","unstructured":"Kabara, J. J. Cosmetically acceptable phenoxyethanol. In: Cosmetic and Drug Preservation: Principles and Practice. New York: Marcel Dekker, 79\u2013108 (1984)."},{"key":"58170_CR3","unstructured":"Gosselin, R. E., Hodge, H. C., Smith, R. P. & Gleason, M. N. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 4thed. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Co., 4\u2013123 (1976)."},{"key":"58170_CR4","first-page":"51","volume":"28","author":"P Gilbert","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., Beveridge, E. G. & Crone, P. B. The action of phenoxyethanol upon respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Suppl. 28, 51 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Suppl."},{"key":"58170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00820.x","volume":"18","author":"I Lowe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lowe, I. & Southern, J. The antimicrobial activity of phenoxyethanol in vaccines. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 18, 115\u2013116 (1994).","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"58170_CR6","first-page":"680","volume":"29","author":"S Macova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macova, S. et al. Comparison of acute toxicity of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil to juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio. Neuroendocrin. Lett. 29, 680 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrin. Lett."},{"key":"58170_CR7","first-page":"83","volume":"96","author":"AL Hall","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hall, A. L. Phenoxyethanol cosmetically acceptable preservative. Cosmet. Toilet. 96, 83\u201385 (1981).","journal-title":"Cosmet. Toilet."},{"key":"58170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/10915819009078737","volume":"9","author":"JK Poudrier","year":"1990","unstructured":"Poudrier, J. K. Final report on the safety assessment of Phy-Et. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 9, 259\u2013277 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Toxicol."},{"key":"58170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-015-0227-7","volume":"70","author":"CA Downs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downs, C. A. et al. Toxicopathological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), on coral planulae and cultured primary cells and its environmental contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. virgin islands. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 70, 265\u2013288 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"58170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2005.20.1.1","volume":"20","author":"TH Ma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ma, T. H., Cabrera, G. L. & Owens, E. Genotoxic agents detected by plant bioassays. Rev. Environ. Health. 20, 1\u201314 (2005).","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health."},{"key":"58170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(95)90010-1","volume":"334","author":"TH Ma","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ma, T. H. et al. The improved Allium\/Vicia root tip micronucleus assay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants. Mutat. Res. 334, 185\u2013195 (1995).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"58170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2014.891696","volume":"67","author":"P Firbas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Firbas, P. & Amon, T. Chromosome damage studies in the onion plant Allium cepa L. Caryologia. 67, 25\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Caryologia."},{"key":"58170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(94)90004-3","volume":"312","author":"J Rank","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rank, J. & Nielsen, M. H. Evaluation of the Allium anaphase-telophase test in relation to genotoxicity screening of industrial wastewater. Mutat. Res. 312, 17\u201324 (1994).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"58170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-014-9716-1","volume":"67","author":"A \u00d6zkara","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6zkara, A., Aky\u0131l, D., Eren, Y. & Erdo\u011fmu\u015f, S. F. Potential cytotoxic effect of Anilofos by using Allium cepa assay. Cytotechnology. 67, 783\u2013791 (2015).","journal-title":"Cytotechnology."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"58170_CR15","first-page":"12","volume":"7","author":"CC Cabuga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cabuga, C. C. Allium cepa test: An evaluation of genotoxicity. Proc. Int. Acad. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 7((1)), 12 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Acad. Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"58170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.021","volume":"144","author":"J Bianchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bianchi, J., Fernandes, C. C. T. & Marin-Morales, M. A. Induction of mitotic and chromosomal abnormalities on Allium cepa cells by pesticides imidacloprid and sulfentrazone and the mixture of them. Chemosphere. 144, 475\u2013483 (2016).","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"58170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689009382299","volume":"9","author":"CBSR Sharma","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sharma, C. B. S. R., Panneerselvan, N. & Ma, T. H. Genetic toxicology of pesticides in higher plant systems. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 9, 409\u2013442 (1990).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"58170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2014.891696","volume":"67","author":"P Firbas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Firbas, P. & Amon, T. Chromosome damage studies in the onion plant Allium cepa L. Caryologia. 67, 25\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Caryologia."},{"key":"58170_CR19","unstructured":"Tedesco, S. B. & Laughinghouse, H. D. Boindicator of genotixicity. The Allium cepa test. Environ. Contamin. 138\u2013156 (2012)."},{"key":"58170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2009.06.002","volume":"682","author":"DM Leme","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leme, D. M. & Marin-Morales, M. A. Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: A review on its Application. Mutat. Res. 682, 71\u201381 (2009).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"58170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.096","volume":"240","author":"A Praveen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Praveen, A. & Gupta, M. Nitric oxide confronts arsenic stimulated oxidative stress and root architecture through distinct gene expression of auxin transporters, nutrient related genes and modulates biochemical responses in Oryza sativa L. Environ. Poll. 240, 950\u2013962 (2018).","journal-title":"Poll."},{"key":"58170_CR22","first-page":"203","volume":"20","author":"M Atik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Atik, M., Karag\u00fczel, O. & Ersoy, S. Effect of temperature on germination characteristics of Dalbergia sissoo seeds. Akdeniz Un. Agr. J. 20, 203\u2013210 (2007).","journal-title":"Akdeniz Un. Agr. J."},{"key":"58170_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2008.10589608","volume":"61","author":"Y Mustafa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mustafa, Y. & Arikan, E. S. Genotoxicity testing of quizalofop P-ethyl herbicide using the Allium cepa anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay. Caryologia. 61, 45\u201352 (2008).","journal-title":"Caryologia."},{"key":"58170_CR24","first-page":"41","volume":"4","author":"TA Staykova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Staykova, T. A., Ivanova, E. N. & Velcheva, I. G. Cytogenetic effect of heavy metal and cyanide in contamined waters from The region of Southwest Bulgaria. J Cell Mol. Biol. 4, 41\u201346 (2005).","journal-title":"J Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"58170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gel001","volume":"21","author":"S Unyayar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Unyayar, S., Celik, A., Cekic, F. O. & Gozel, A. Cadmium-induced genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutagenesis. 21, 77\u201381 (2006).","journal-title":"Mutagenesis."},{"key":"58170_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589209514170","volume":"17","author":"C La Vecchia","year":"1992","unstructured":"La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., D\u2019Avanzo, B. & Boyle, P. Tea consumption and cancer risk. Nutr. Cancer. 17, 27\u201331 (1992).","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer."},{"key":"58170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","volume":"44","author":"C Beauchamp","year":"1971","unstructured":"Beauchamp, C. & Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 44, 276\u2013287 (1971).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"58170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50881-X","volume":"195","author":"RF Beers","year":"1952","unstructured":"Beers, R. F. & Sizer, I. W. Colorimetric method for estimation of catalase. J. Biol. Chem. 195, 133\u2013139 (1952).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"58170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.84.113","volume":"84","author":"E T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc","year":"2019","unstructured":"T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, E., Yal\u00e7\u0131n, E., Acar, A., Yapar, K. & \u00c7avusoglu, K. Investigation of the toxic effects of carbamate insecticide methiocarb in Allium cepa L. Cytologia. 84, 1\u20135 (2019).","journal-title":"Cytologia."},{"key":"58170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40529-015-0112-8","volume":"57","author":"YT Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng, Y. T. & Lin, K. C. Effects of volatile organic compound ether on cell responses and gene expressions in Arabidopsis. Bot. Stud. 57, 1 (2016).","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"58170_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.53.4.663","volume":"53","author":"FH Emmert","year":"1974","unstructured":"Emmert, F. H. Inhibition of phosphorus and water passage across intact roots by polyethylene glycol and phenylmercuric acetate. Plant Physiol. 53, 663\u2013665 (1974).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"58170_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.79.2.559","volume":"79","author":"Z Plaut","year":"1985","unstructured":"Plaut, Z. & Federman, E. A simple procedure to overcome polyethelene glycol toxicity on whole plants. Plant Physiol. 79, 559\u2013561 (1985).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"58170_CR33","unstructured":"Nipa Laboratories. Phenoxetol: toxicity in oral administration to rats for thirteen weeks. Testing laboratory: Ben-Dyke R et al. Phenoxetol: toxicity in oral administration to rats for thirteen weeks. Life Science Research. Report No.: 77\/NLL5\/375. Owner company: Nipa Laboratories and The Dow Chemical Company. Report date: 1977-1-21 (1977)."},{"key":"58170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90198-D","volume":"17","author":"WJ Breslin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Breslin, W. J. et al. Hemolytic activity of ethyleneglycol phenyl ether (EGPE) in rabbits. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17, 466\u2013481 (1991).","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"58170_CR35","unstructured":"SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on Phenox-yethanol, 16 March 2016, final version of 6 October 2016. SCCS\/1575\/16, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/scientific_committees\/consumer_safety\/docs\/sccs_o_195.pdf."},{"key":"58170_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-199312000-00005","volume":"4","author":"E Rojas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rojas, E. et al. Mitotic index and cell proliferation kinetics for the identification of antineoplastic activity. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 4, 637\u201340 (1993).","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs."},{"key":"58170_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(97)00084-2","volume":"11","author":"H Stopper","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stopper, H. & M\u00fcler, O. S. Micronuclei as a biological endpoint for genotoxicity: A Minireview. Toxicol. In Vitro. 11, 661\u2013667 (1997).","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro."},{"key":"58170_CR38","unstructured":"The Dow Chemical Company 2-Phy-Et: species comparison of the in vitro metabolism of 2-Phy-Et in liver S9 homogenate of female mice, female rats, female rabbits, and female human donors. Unpublished report of The Dow Chemical Company. Testing laboratory: Hansen SC and Bartels MJ (2006) Report date: 28-12-2006."},{"key":"58170_CR39","unstructured":"HCN (Health Council of the Netherlands). Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits Health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits - diphenyl ether. Publ. No. 2000\/15OSH\/147. Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague (2005)."},{"key":"58170_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/01904168109362867","volume":"3","author":"AJM Baker","year":"1981","unstructured":"Baker, A. J. M. Accumulators and excluders-strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. J. Plant Nutr. 3, 643\u2013654 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"58170_CR41","first-page":"493","volume":"15","author":"H Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, H., Liao, B. & Lu, S. Q. Toxicity of surfactant, acid rain and Cd2+ combined pollution to the nucleus of Vicia faba root tip cells. Chinese J. Appl. Ecol. 15, 493\u2013496 (2004).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"58170_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00174-2","volume":"742","author":"J Pilz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pilz, J., Meineke, I. & Gleiter, C. H. Measurement of free and bound malondialdehyde in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 742, 315\u201325 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"58170_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-2-2-38","volume":"2","author":"C Kerksick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kerksick, C. & Willoughby, D. The antioxidant role of glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine supplements and exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2, 38 (2005).","journal-title":"J Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"58170_CR44","first-page":"118","volume":"3","author":"A Terevinto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terevinto, A., Cabrera, M. C., Saadoun, A. & Catalase, S. O. D. and GPx activities in Triceps brachii muscle from aberdeen angus ateers finished on pasture, pasture and concentrate, or concentrate. AJFN. 3, 118\u2013124 (2015).","journal-title":"AJFN."},{"key":"58170_CR45","first-page":"141","volume":"36","author":"J Priborsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Priborsky, J. et al. Comparison of the effect of four anaesthetics on haematological profiles, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in barbel (Barbus barbus). Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 36, 141\u20136 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"58170_CR46","first-page":"152","volume":"7","author":"A U\u00e7ar","year":"2013","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar, A., Atamanalp, M., Cankaya, M. & \u00d6zdemir, H. Effects of anesthetic substances on some antioxidant enzyme activities of trouts. J Fish. Sci. 7, 152\u2013150 (2013).","journal-title":"J Fish. Sci."},{"key":"58170_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1980.tb10820.x","volume":"32","author":"EG Beveridge","year":"1980","unstructured":"Beveridge, E. G., Boyd, I. & Jessen, G. W. The action of 2-phenoxyethanol upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 32, 17 (1980).","journal-title":"J Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"58170_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.11.010","volume":"310","author":"J Velisek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Velisek, J., Stara, A., Li, Z. H., Silovska, S. & Turek, J. Comparison of the effects of four anaesthetics on blood biochemical profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 310, 369\u2013375 (2011).","journal-title":"Aquaculture."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58170-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58170-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58170-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T05:54:14Z","timestamp":1670306054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58170-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58170-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1209"}}