{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:24:10Z","timestamp":1790886250010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common, chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the mucous membranes, which causes major discomfort. Current treatment includes topical\/systemic glucocorticoids, immune modulators and systemic immunosuppressants, which may lead to considerable side-effects. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and immunological efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in OLP as an alternative, easy-to-use, safe and non-invasive treatment. Twenty patients with OLP were treated with PDT in a prospective case-controlled pilot-study. PDT was performed on the most extensive oral lesion in 4 sessions (day 1, 3, 7, 14). Peripheral blood and lesional T\u00a0cells were analysed before (day 1) and after PDT treatment (day 28). PDT led to a statistically significant reduction of clinical parameters (lesion size, ABSIS, Thongprasom-score) and improvement of all evaluated quality-of-life (QOL) items. The clinical improvement was accompanied by a significant decrease of the relative number of CD4+ and CD8+ T\u00a0cells in mucosal OLP-lesions. Furthermore, CXCL10 plasma levels were decreased and the number of activated peripheral CD4\u2009+\u2009CD137+ and CD8\u2009+\u2009CD137+ T\u00a0cells and IL-17-secreting T\u00a0cells was diminished. PDT treatment in OLP leads to lesion reduction and improvement of QOL, and induces local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects. The study identifies PDT as a novel therapeutic option in OLP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58548-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T11:04:13Z","timestamp":1580727853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Photodynamic therapy in oral lichen planus: A prospective case-controlled pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raluca","family":"Cosgarea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jusra","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aura","family":"Bodea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Auschill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Sculean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Eming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hertl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Arweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"58548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.84474","volume":"15","author":"N Lavanya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lavanya, N., Jayanthi, P., Rao, U. K. & Ranganathan, K. Oral lichen planus: An update on pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP 15, 127\u2013132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-029X.84474 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP"},{"key":"58548_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10821.x","volume":"166","author":"G Lodi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lodi, G., Carrozzo, M., Furness, S. & Thongprasom, K. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: a systematic review. The British journal of dermatology 166, 938\u2013947, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10821.x (2012).","journal-title":"The British journal of dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.077","volume":"100","author":"G Lodi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lodi, G. et al. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: report of an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 100, 40\u201351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.077 (2005).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics"},{"key":"58548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/000163501750266774","volume":"59","author":"MH Thornhill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thornhill, M. H. Immune mechanisms in oral lichen planus. Acta odontologica Scandinavica 59, 174\u2013177 (2001).","journal-title":"Acta odontologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"58548_CR5","first-page":"E126","volume":"11","author":"F Aghahosseini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aghahosseini, F., Arbabi-Kalati, F., Fashtami, L. A., Fateh, M. & Djavid, G. E. Treatment of oral lichen planus with photodynamic therapy mediated methylene blue: a case report. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 11, E126\u20139 (2006).","journal-title":"Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal"},{"key":"58548_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01142.x","volume":"11","author":"D Eisen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eisen, D., Carrozzo, M., Bagan Sebastian, J.-V. & Thongprasom, K. Number V Oral lichen planus: clinical features and management. Oral diseases 11, 338\u2013349, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01142.x (2005).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"58548_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng, S. et al. Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, CD008092; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008092.pub2 (2012).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008092.pub2"},{"key":"58548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70057-0","volume":"88","author":"D Eisen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eisen, D. The evaluation of cutaneous, genital, scalp, nail, esophageal, and ocular involvement in patients with oral lichen planus. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 88, 431\u2013436 (1999).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics"},{"key":"58548_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120452","volume":"46","author":"D Eisen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eisen, D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 46, 207\u2013214 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR10","first-page":"519","volume":"58","author":"M Carrozzo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carrozzo, M. & Thorpe, R. Oral lichen planus: a review. Minerva stomatologica 58, 519\u2013537 (2009).","journal-title":"Minerva stomatologica"},{"key":"58548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.076","volume":"100","author":"G Lodi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lodi, G. et al. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: report of an international consensus meeting. Part 2. Clinical management and malignant transformation. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 100, 164\u2013178, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.076 (2005).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics"},{"key":"58548_CR12","unstructured":"Neppelberg E. Pathological mechanisms in oral lichen planus. Oral Sciences, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry: University of Bergen, Norway (2007)."},{"key":"58548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20278","volume":"38","author":"F Aghahosseini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aghahosseini, F. et al. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy: a possible alternative treatment for oral lichen planus. Lasers in surgery and medicine 38, 33\u201338, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.20278 (2006).","journal-title":"Lasers in surgery and medicine"},{"key":"58548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.12.1442","volume":"136","author":"C Camisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Camisa, C. & Popovsky, J. L. Effective treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with thalidomide. Archives of dermatology 136, 1442\u20131443 (2000).","journal-title":"Archives of dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.6.680","volume":"142","author":"A Cheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheng, A. & Mann, C. Oral erosive lichen planus treated with efalizumab. Archives of dermatology 142, 680\u2013682, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.142.6.680 (2006).","journal-title":"Archives of dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.03.004","volume":"28","author":"D Farhi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farhi, D. & Dupin, N. Pathophysiology, etiologic factors, and clinical management of oral lichen planus, part I: facts and controversies. Clinics in dermatology 28, 100\u2013108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.03.004 (2010).","journal-title":"Clinics in dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR17","first-page":"310","volume":"6","author":"MP Heffernan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heffernan, M. P., Smith, D. I., Bentley, D., Tabacchi, M. & Graves, J. E. A single-center, open-label, prospective pilot study of subcutaneous efalizumab for oral erosive lichen planus. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD 6, 310\u2013314 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD"},{"key":"58548_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120535","volume":"46","author":"F Kaliakatsou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaliakatsou, F. et al. Management of recalcitrant ulcerative oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 46, 35\u201341 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80094-0","volume":"79","author":"G Lundquist","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundquist, G., Forsgren, H., Gajecki, M. & Emtestam, L. Photochemotherapy of oral lichen planus. A controlled study. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 79, 554\u2013558 (1995).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics"},{"key":"58548_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1999.0131","volume":"37","author":"CE McCreary","year":"1999","unstructured":"McCreary, C. E. & McCartan, B. E. Clinical management of oral lichen planus. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 37, 338\u2013343, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/bjom.1999.0131 (1999).","journal-title":"The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery"},{"key":"58548_CR21","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany: 1985)","author":"RL Reddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reddy, R. L. et al. Randomized trial of aloe vera gel vs triamcinolone acetonide ointment in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany: 1985) 43, 793\u2013800 (2012)."},{"key":"58548_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2012.00647.x","volume":"28","author":"J Sadaksharam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadaksharam, J., Nayaki, K. P. T. & Selvam, N. P. Treatment of oral lichen planus with methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy\u2013a clinical study. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine 28, 97\u2013101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2012.00647.x (2012).","journal-title":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine"},{"key":"58548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2000.00607.x","volume":"25","author":"JF Setterfield","year":"2000","unstructured":"Setterfield, J. F., Black, M. M. & Challacombe, S. J. The management of oral lichen planus. Clinical and experimental dermatology 25, 176\u2013182 (2000).","journal-title":"Clinical and experimental dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000172830","volume":"218","author":"A Soria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soria, A., Agbo-Godeau, S., Ta\u00efeb, A. & Franc\u00e8s, C. Treatment of refractory oral erosive lichen planus with topical rapamycin: 7 cases. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 218, 22\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000172830 (2009).","journal-title":"Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"58548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2010.00005.x","volume":"1","author":"K Thongprasom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thongprasom, K. et al. A multicenter study of oral lichen planus in Thai patients. Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry 1, 29\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2010.00005.x (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry"},{"key":"58548_CR26","first-page":"524","volume":"39","author":"O Raab","year":"1900","unstructured":"Raab, O. Uber die Wirkung fluorescirender Stoffe auf Infusorien. Z. biol. 39, 524\u2013546 (1900).","journal-title":"Z. biol."},{"key":"58548_CR27","first-page":"223","volume":"85","author":"A Jesionek","year":"1905","unstructured":"Jesionek, A. & Tappeiner, H. von. Zur behandlung der hautcarcinome mit fluorescierenden stoffen. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 85, 223\u2013239 (1905).","journal-title":"Dtsch Arch Klin Med"},{"key":"58548_CR28","first-page":"1096","volume":"51","author":"A Jodlbauer","year":"1904","unstructured":"Jodlbauer, A. & Tappeiner, H. von. Uber die wirkung photodynamischer (fluoreszierender) stoffe auf bakterien. Munch Med Wochenschr 51, 1096\u20131097 (1904).","journal-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"58548_CR29","first-page":"53","volume":"54","author":"H Huber","year":"1905","unstructured":"Huber, H. Weitere Versuche mit photodynamischen sensibilisierenden Farbstoffen (Eosin, Erythrosin). Pr\u00fcfung der Wirkung des Tageslichtes auf Lebensf\u00e4higkeit und Virulenz von Bakterien, auf Toxine, Antitoxine und das Labferment. Arch. f. Hygiene 54, 53 (1905).","journal-title":"Arch. f. Hygiene"},{"key":"58548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600803","volume":"86","author":"K Konopka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konopka, K. & Goslinski, T. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry. Journal of dental research 86, 694\u2013707, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910708600803 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of dental research"},{"key":"58548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/s0738-081x(02)00266-3","volume":"20","author":"KA Salva","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salva, K. A. Photodynamic therapy: unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Clinics in dermatology 20, 571\u2013581, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0738-081x(02)00266-3 (2002).","journal-title":"Clinics in dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861048","volume":"84","author":"A K\u00fcbler","year":"2005","unstructured":"K\u00fcbler, A., Niziol, C., Sidhu, M., D\u00fcnne, A. & Werner, J. A. Eine Kosten-Effektivit\u00e4ts-Analyse der photodynamischen Therapie mit Foscan (Foscan-PDT) im Vergleich zu einer palliativen Chemotherapie bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Kopf-Halstumoren in Deutschland. Laryngo- rhino- otologie 84, 725\u2013732, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2005-861048 (2005).","journal-title":"Laryngo- rhino- otologie"},{"key":"58548_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00030-X","volume":"2","author":"AP Castano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castano, A. P., Demidova, T. N. & Hamblin, M. R. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2, 1\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00030-X (2005).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy"},{"key":"58548_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889","volume":"90","author":"TJ Dougherty","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dougherty, T. J. et al. Photodynamic therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90, 889\u2013905, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"58548_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.108","volume":"71","author":"G Krosl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krosl, G., Korbelik, M. & Dougherty, G. J. Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine SCCVII tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy. British journal of cancer 71, 549\u2013555, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.1995.108 (1995).","journal-title":"British journal of cancer"},{"key":"58548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00098-0","volume":"2","author":"D Nowis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nowis, D. et al. The influence of photodynamic therapy on the immune response. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2, 283\u2013298, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00098-0 (2005).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy"},{"key":"58548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04222.x","volume":"55","author":"BW Henderson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Henderson, B. W. & Dougherty, T. J. How does photodynamic therapy work? Photochemistry and photobiology 55, 145\u2013157, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04222.x (1992).","journal-title":"Photochemistry and photobiology"},{"key":"58548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/s0738-081x(01)00170-5","volume":"19","author":"NC Zeitouni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zeitouni, N. C., Shieh, S. & Oseroff, A. R. Laser and photodynamic therapy in the management of cutaneous malignancies. Clinics in dermatology 19, 328\u2013338, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0738-081x(01)00170-5 (2001).","journal-title":"Clinics in dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-002-0053-8","volume":"4","author":"MA Biel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Biel, M. A. Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer. Current oncology reports 4, 87\u201396 (2002).","journal-title":"Current oncology reports"},{"key":"58548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2003.12.010","volume":"40","author":"H-M Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen, H.-M. et al. Successful treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Oral oncology 40, 630\u2013637, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2003.12.010 (2004).","journal-title":"Oral oncology"},{"key":"58548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1999)25:1<60::AID-LSM8>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"25","author":"AC K\u00fcbler","year":"1999","unstructured":"K\u00fcbler, A. C. et al. Photodynamic therapy of primary nonmelanomatous skin tumours of the head and neck. Lasers in surgery and medicine 25, 60\u201368 (1999).","journal-title":"Lasers in surgery and medicine"},{"key":"58548_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.07.038","volume":"102","author":"J Massano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Massano, J., Regateiro, F. S., Janu\u00e1rio, G. & Ferreira, A. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: review of prognostic and predictive factors. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 102, 67\u201376, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.07.038 (2006).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics"},{"key":"58548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-3284-1-40","volume":"1","author":"MAM Wildeman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wildeman, M. A. M., Nyst, H. J., Karakullukcu, B. & Tan, B. I. Photodynamic therapy in the therapy for recurrent\/persistent nasopharyngeal cancer. Head & neck oncology 1, 40, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1758-3284-1-40 (2009).","journal-title":"Head & neck oncology"},{"key":"58548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12371","volume":"34","author":"Z Akram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akram, Z. et al. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: A systematic review. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine 34, 167\u2013174, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12371 (2018).","journal-title":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine"},{"key":"58548_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.06.002","volume":"20","author":"S Bakhtiari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakhtiari, S. et al. Comparing clinical effects of photodynamic therapy as a novel method with topical corticosteroid for treatment of Oral Lichen Planus. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 20, 159\u2013164, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.06.002 (2017).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy"},{"key":"58548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1694-1","volume":"30","author":"HH Jajarm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jajarm, H. H. et al. A comparative study of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical controlled trial. Lasers in medical science 30, 1475\u20131480, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-014-1694-1 (2015).","journal-title":"Lasers in medical science"},{"key":"58548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.08.448","volume":"115","author":"SI Kvaal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kvaal, S. I., Angell-Petersen, E. & Warloe, T. Photodynamic treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 115, 62\u201370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.08.448 (2013).","journal-title":"Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology"},{"key":"58548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2016.07","volume":"7","author":"KN Maloth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maloth, K. N. et al. Photodynamic Therapy - A Non-invasive Treatment Modality for Precancerous Lesions. Journal of lasers in medical sciences 7, 30\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/jlms.2016.07 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of lasers in medical sciences"},{"key":"58548_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.04.014","volume":"19","author":"D Mostafa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mostafa, D., Moussa, E. & Alnouaem, M. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in treatment of oral erosive lichen planus in comparison with topically applied corticosteroids. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 19, 56\u201366, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.04.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy"},{"key":"58548_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00974.x","volume":"21","author":"K Thongprasom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thongprasom, K., Luangjarmekorn, L., Sererat, T. & Taweesap, W. Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus. Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 21, 456\u2013458 (1992).","journal-title":"Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology"},{"key":"58548_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1999.tb00301.x","volume":"5","author":"M Carrozzo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carrozzo, M. & Gandolfo, S. The management of oral lichen planus. Oral diseases 5, 196\u2013205 (1999).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"58548_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.044","author":"T Schmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt, T. et al. TH1\/TH17 cell recognition of desmoglein 3 and bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 in patients with lichen planus. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.044 (2018).","journal-title":"The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology"},{"key":"58548_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1153-9","volume":"28","author":"S Sobaniec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sobaniec, S. et al. Clinical assessment of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Lasers in medical science 28, 311\u2013316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-012-1153-9 (2013).","journal-title":"Lasers in medical science"},{"key":"58548_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4628","author":"A Liebert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liebert, A. et al. \u201cPhotobiomics\u201d: Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome? Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/photob.2019.4628 (2019).","journal-title":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery"},{"key":"58548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2594-6","volume":"34","author":"B Bicknell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bicknell, B., Liebert, A., Johnstone, D. & Kiat, H. Photobiomodulation of the microbiome: implications for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Lasers in medical science 34, 317\u2013327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-018-2594-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Lasers in medical science"},{"key":"58548_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.007","volume":"157","author":"X Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, X., Hu, X. & Hamblin, M. R. Ultraviolet blood irradiation: Is it time to remember \u201cthe cure that time forgot\u201d? Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 157, 89\u201396, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology"},{"key":"58548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_25","volume":"996","author":"MR Hamblin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamblin, M. R. Ultraviolet Irradiation of Blood: \u201cThe Cure That Time Forgot\u201d? Advances in experimental medicine and biology 996, 295\u2013309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_25 (2017).","journal-title":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology"},{"key":"58548_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00405","volume":"5","author":"F Cieplik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cieplik, F., Tabenski, L., Buchalla, W. & Maisch, T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Frontiers in microbiology 5, 405, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00405 (2014).","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"key":"58548_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644111","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1644111","volume":"11","author":"S-M Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang, S.-M., Jung, H.-I. & Kim, B.-I. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Journal of oral microbiology 11, 1644111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2019.1644111 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of oral microbiology"},{"key":"58548_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(00)01913-2","volume":"9","author":"TF Mah","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mah, T. F. & O\u2019Toole, G. A. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends in microbiology 9, 34\u201339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0966-842x(00)01913-2 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends in microbiology"},{"key":"58548_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000077756","volume":"38","author":"PD Marsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries research 38, 204\u2013211, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000077756 (2004).","journal-title":"Caries research"},{"key":"58548_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103621","volume":"191","author":"CM Brackett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brackett, C. M., Muhitch, J. B., Evans, S. S. & Gollnick, S. O. IL-17 promotes neutrophil entry into tumor-draining lymph nodes following induction of sterile inflammation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 191, 4348\u20134357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1103621 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)"},{"key":"58548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12094","volume":"20","author":"M-P Piccinni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piccinni, M.-P. et al. Potential pathogenetic role of Th17, Th0, and Th2 cells in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus. Oral diseases 20, 212\u2013218, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.12094 (2014).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"58548_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5681\/joddd.2013.016","volume":"7","author":"F Pouralibaba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pouralibaba, F., Babaloo, Z., Pakdel, F. & Aghazadeh, M. Serum Level of Interleukin 17 in Patients with Erosive and Non erosive Oral Lichen Planus. Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects 7, 91\u201394, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5681\/joddd.2013.016 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects"},{"key":"58548_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10793.x","volume":"166","author":"O Shaker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaker, O. & Hassan, A. S. Possible role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. The British journal of dermatology 166, 1367\u20131368, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10793.x (2012).","journal-title":"The British journal of dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1429-3","volume":"306","author":"Z Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen, Z. et al. Expression of Foxp3 and interleukin-17 in lichen planus lesions with emphasis on difference in oral and cutaneous variants. Archives of dermatological research 306, 441\u2013446, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-013-1429-3 (2014).","journal-title":"Archives of dermatological research"},{"key":"58548_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-012-0078-7","volume":"32","author":"S Xie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xie, S., Ding, L., Xiong, Z. & Zhu, S. Implications of Th1 and Th17 cells in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban 32, 451\u2013457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-012-0078-7 (2012).","journal-title":"Yixue Yingdewen ban"},{"key":"58548_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328335c2f6","volume":"5","author":"L Guglani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guglani, L. & Khader, S. A. Th17 cytokines in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Current opinion in HIV and AIDS 5, 120\u2013127, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0b013e328335c2f6 (2010).","journal-title":"Current opinion in HIV and AIDS"},{"key":"58548_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12394904","volume":"103","author":"AS Gadenne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gadenne, A. S. et al. T-cell lines derived from lesional skin of lichen planus patients contain a distinctive population of T-cell receptor gamma delta-bearing cells. The Journal of investigative dermatology 103, 347\u2013351 (1994).","journal-title":"The Journal of investigative dermatology"},{"key":"58548_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.01.020","volume":"62","author":"J-Y Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu, J.-Y. et al. Increasing CCL5\/CCR5 on CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of oral lichen planus. Cytokine 62, 141\u2013145, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.01.020 (2013).","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"58548_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63649-8","volume":"163","author":"W Iijima","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iijima, W. et al. Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES\/CCL5 and IP-10\/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self-recruiting mechanism. The American journal of pathology 163, 261\u2013268, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63649-8 (2003).","journal-title":"The American journal of pathology"},{"key":"58548_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405","volume":"13","author":"PB Sugerman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sugerman, P. B. et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine: an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists 13, 350\u2013365 (2002).","journal-title":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine: an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists"},{"key":"58548_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:29:1-3:197","volume":"29","author":"RS Mittler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mittler, R. S. et al. Anti-CD137 antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune disease and cancer. Immunologic research 29, 197\u2013208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/IR:29:1-3:197 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunologic research"},{"key":"58548_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.10.4897","volume":"168","author":"T Wen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wen, T., Bukczynski, J. & Watts, T. H. 4-1BB ligand-mediated costimulation of human T cells induces CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion, cytokine production, and the development of cytolytic effector function. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 168, 4897\u20134906 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)"},{"key":"58548_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-056168","volume":"110","author":"M Wolfl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolfl, M. et al. Activation-induced expression of CD137 permits detection, isolation, and expansion of the full repertoire of CD8+ T cells responding to antigen without requiring knowledge of epitope specificities. Blood 110, 201\u2013210, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2006-11-056168 (2007).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"58548_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12152","volume":"174","author":"NHR Litjens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Litjens, N. H. R., Wit, E. A., de, Baan, C. C. & Betjes, M. G. H. Activation-induced CD137 is a fast assay for identification and multi-parameter flow cytometric analysis of alloreactive T cells. Clinical and experimental immunology 174, 179\u2013191, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12152 (2013).","journal-title":"Clinical and experimental immunology"},{"key":"58548_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601851","volume":"198","author":"MH Forsberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forsberg, M. H. et al. CD137 Plays Both Pathogenic and Protective Roles in Type 1 Diabetes Development in NOD Mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 198, 3857\u20133868, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1601851 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)"},{"key":"58548_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0835","volume":"46","author":"H Shao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shao, H. et al. Anti-CD137 mAb treatment inhibits experimental autoimmune uveitis by limiting expansion and increasing apoptotic death of uveitogenic T cells. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 46, 596\u2013603, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.04-0835 (2005).","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"key":"58548_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1038\/nm796","volume":"8","author":"Y Sun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. Costimulatory molecule-targeted antibody therapy of a spontaneous autoimmune disease. Nature medicine 8, 1405\u20131413, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm796 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"58548_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2007.0090","volume":"17","author":"M Pf\u00fctze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pf\u00fctze, M., Niedermeier, A., Hertl, M. & Eming, R. Introducing a novel Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) in pemphigus. European journal of dermatology: EJD 17, 4\u201311, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/ejd.2007.0090 (2007).","journal-title":"European journal of dermatology: EJD"},{"key":"58548_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.056","volume":"130","author":"C M\u00f6bs","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00f6bs, C. et al. Birch pollen immunotherapy results in long-term loss of Bet v 1-specific TH2 responses, transient TR1 activation, and synthesis of IgE-blocking antibodies. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 130, 1108\u20131116.e6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.056 (2012).","journal-title":"The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology"},{"key":"58548_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x","volume":"694","author":"M Navazesh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Navazesh, M. Methods for collecting saliva. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 694, 72\u201377 (1993).","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58548-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58548-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58548-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T06:54:50Z","timestamp":1670309690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-58548-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58548-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1667"}}