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At the same time, PQ dynamics is a clear candidate for non-invasive assessment of atrial abnormalities including the risk of atrial fibrillation. We studied PQ heart rate dependency in 599 healthy subjects (aged 33.5\u2009\u00b1\u20099.3 years, 288 females) in whom drug-free day-time 12-lead ECG Holters were available. Of these, 752,517 ECG samples were selected (1256\u2009\u00b1\u2009244 per subject) to measure PQ and QT intervals and P wave durations. For each measured ECG sample, 5-minute history of preceding cardiac cycles was also obtained. Although less rate dependent than the QT intervals (36\u2009\u00b1\u200919% of linear slopes), PQ intervals were found to be dependent on underlying cycle length in a highly curvilinear fashion with the dependency significantly more curved in females compared to males. The PQ interval also responded to the heart rate changes with a delay which was highly sex dependent (95% adaptation in females and males after 114.9\u2009\u00b1\u200981.1 vs 65.4\u2009\u00b1\u200964.3\u2009seconds, respectively, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001). P wave duration was even less rate dependent than the PQ interval (9\u2009\u00b1\u200910% of linear QT\/RR slopes). Rate corrected P wave duration was marginally but significantly shorter in females than in males (106.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4 vs 110.2\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9\u2009ms, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001). In addition to establishing physiologic standards, the study suggests that the curvatures and adaptation delay of the PQ\/cycle-length dependency should be included in future non-invasive studies of atrial depolarizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59480-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1581591791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Physiologic heart rate dependency of the PQ interval and its sex differences"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Toman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Hnatkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Smetana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Huster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"\u0160i\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Novotn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"59480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.001299","volume":"7","author":"V Kutyifa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kutyifa, V. et al. 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