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The objective of the present study was to assess changes in SBR, PMR, NMR and IMR over time and to determine the factors associated with changes in NMR and IMR in eight Brazilian cohorts. All cohorts are population-based (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto in 1978\/79, 1994 and 2010; Pelotas in 1982, 1993 and 2004; and S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds in 1997\/98 and 2010). Were included data on 41440 children. All indicators were decreased, except in the city of Pelotas, from 1993 to 2004, and except SBR in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds. Sociodemographic variables seem to be able to explain reductions of NMR and IMR in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, from 1978\/79 to 1994, and in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds. In Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, from 1994 to 2010 declines in NMR and IMR seem to be explained by reductions in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Newborn\u2019s gestational age had diminished in all cohorts, preventing even greater reductions of NMR and IMR. 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