{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:49:31Z","timestamp":1771541371484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe a new technique, high fidelity Imaging Retinal Densitometry (IRD), which probes the functional integrity of the outer retinal complex. We demonstrate the ability of the technique to map visual pigment optical density and synthesis rates in eyes with and without macular disease. A multispectral retinal imaging device obtained precise measurements of retinal reflectance over space and time. Data obtained from healthy controls and 5 patients with intermediate AMD, before and after photopigment bleaching, were used to quantify visual pigment metrics. Heat maps were plotted to summarise the topography of rod and cone pigment kinetics and descriptive statistics conducted to highlight differences between those with and without AMD. Rod and cone visual pigment synthesis rates in those with AMD (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043\u2009SD 0.019\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.119\u2009SD 0.046\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively) were approximately half those observed in healthy controls (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.079\u2009SD 0.024\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for rods and v\u2009=\u20090.206\u2009SD 0.069\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for cones). By mapping visual pigment kinetics across the central retina, high fidelity IRD provides a unique insight into outer retinal complex function. This new technique will improve the phenotypic characterisation, diagnosis and treatment monitoring of various ocular pathologies, including AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60660-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1583924591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Functional Imaging of the Outer Retinal Complex using High Fidelity Imaging Retinal Densitometry"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tom H.","family":"Margrain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Binns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fergusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allannah","family":"Gaffney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor D.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Melotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"60660_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.03.001","volume":"23","author":"TD Lamb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lamb, T. 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David Henry, Stephen Todd, Tom Margrain and Alison Binns have a patent on the overall concept (US 9,492,081 B2); Stephen Todd has a patent on the eye tracking system and relay optics system (WO2017168148A1). The other authors have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4494"}}