{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:53:07Z","timestamp":1792590787115,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes and undernutrition are common risk factors for TB, associated with poor treatment outcomes and exacerbated by TB. We aimed to assess non-communicable multimorbidity (co-occurrence of two or more medical conditions) in Filipino TB outpatients, focusing on malnutrition and diabetes. In a cross-sectional study, 637 adults (70% male) from clinics in urban Metro Manila (N\u2009=\u2009338) and rural Negros Occidental (N\u2009=\u2009299) were enrolled. Diabetes was defined as HbA1c of \u22656.5% and\/or current diabetes medication. Study-specific HIV screening was conducted. The prevalence of diabetes was 9.2% (54\/589, 95%CI: 7.0\u201311.8%) with 52% newly diagnosed. Moderate\/severe undernutrition (body mass index (BMI) &lt;17\u2009kg\/<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was 20.5% (130\/634, 95%CI: 17.4\u201323.9%). Forty percent of participants had at least one co-morbidity (diabetes, moderate\/severe undernutrition or moderate\/severe anaemia (haemoglobin &lt;11\u2009g\/dL)). HIV infection (24.4%, 74\/303) was not associated with other co-morbidities (but high refusal in rural clinics). Central obesity assessed by waist-to-hip ratio was more strongly associated with diabetes (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20096.16, 95%CI: 3.15\u201312.0) than BMI. Undernutrition was less common in men (AOR\u2009=\u20090.44, 95%CI: 0.28\u20130.70), and associated with previous history of TB (AOR\u2009=\u20091.97, 95%CI: 1.28\u20133.04) and recent reduced food intake. The prevalence of multimorbidity was high demonstrating a significant unmet need. HIV was not a risk factor for increased non-communicable multimorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60942-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T11:06:26Z","timestamp":1583406386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Patterns and predictors of co-morbidities in Tuberculosis: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laura V.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tansy","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi R.","family":"Saludar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rugaiya W.","family":"Calapis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Faguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson Dela","family":"Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Mayoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koya","family":"Ariyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3793-2429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Marie Celina G.","family":"Garfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Solon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"60942_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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