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Here, we designed an artificial trachea with mechanical properties similar to the native trachea that can enhance the regeneration of tracheal mucosa and cartilage through the optimal combination of a two-layered tubular scaffold and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells. The framework of the artificial trachea was fabricated with electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers (inner) and 3D-printed PCL microfibers (outer). Also, human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs), iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MSCs), and iPSC-derived chondrocytes (iPSC-Chds) were used to maximize the regeneration of tracheal mucosa and cartilage\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . After 2 days of cultivation using a bioreactor system, tissue-engineered artificial tracheas were transplanted into a segmental trachea defect (1.5-cm length) rabbit model. Endoscopy did not reveal granulation ingrowth into tracheal lumen. Alcian blue staining clearly showed the formation of ciliated columnar epithelium in iPSC-MSC groups. In addition, micro-CT analysis showed that iPSC-Chd groups were effective in forming neocartilage at defect sites. Therefore, this study describes a promising approach for long-term functional reconstruction of a segmental tracheal defect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61405-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T07:02:46Z","timestamp":1583737366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Transplantation of a 3D-printed tracheal graft combined with iPS cell-derived MSCs and chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"In Gul","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su A.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Hyae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Suk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo-Wook","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Keun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"61405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0092","volume":"368","author":"delPA P\u00e9rez","year":"2010","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, delP. 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