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The patterns of courtship songs in New World sand fly species evolve quickly under sexual selection; and therefore, represent an important trait that can be used as a marker to study the evolution of species complexes and may aid identification of sibling species with a complex. The ability to identify vector species within species complexes is of critical importance for effective and efficient vector control programs. Species-specific song patterns seems to contribute to reproductive isolation in New World sand fly species, suggesting that auditory communication signals may be widespread among these important vectors of leishmaniasis. The main goal of the present study was to characterize the copulatory courtship song of <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>, an important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Old World. <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic> males produce acoustic signals during copulation and two types of songs were observed. The one we called primary song is a \u2018pulse song\u2019 with similar length and amplitude to the previously observed \u2018P1\u2019 pattern recorded in Brazilian populations of <jats:italic>Lu. longipalpis s.l<\/jats:italic>. The secondary song has \u2018sine song\u2019 characteristics and is quite different from any song produced by New World species. The discovery of this copulation courtship songs in <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic> supports the possibility that acoustic communication in sandflies might be more widespread than previously thought, including Old World species. Our results highlight the importance of further research on acoustic communication in the <jats:italic>Ph. argentipes<\/jats:italic> species complex and other Old World vectors of leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61867-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T11:03:20Z","timestamp":1584702200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characterization of copulatory courtship song in the Old World sand fly species Phlebotomus argentipes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alejandra S.","family":"Araki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo P.","family":"Brazil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9196-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James G. 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