{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T18:39:35Z","timestamp":1794076775544,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M3A9E2064626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M3A9E2064626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While full-night polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, its limitations include a high cost and first-night effects. This study developed an algorithm for the detection of respiratory events based on impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar and verified its feasibility for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. A total of 94 subjects were enrolled in this study (23 controls and 24, 14, and 33 with mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea, respectively). Abnormal breathing detected by impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar was defined as a drop in the peak radar signal by \u226530% from that in the pre-event baseline. We compared the abnormal breathing index obtained from impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar and apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI) measured from polysomnography. There was an excellent agreement between the Abnormal Breathing Index and AHI (intraclass correlation coefficient\u2009=\u20090.927). The overall agreements of the impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar were 0.93 for Model 1 (AHI\u2009\u2265\u20095), 0.91 for Model 2 (AHI\u2009\u2265\u200915), and 1 for Model 3 (AHI\u2009\u2265\u200930). Impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar accurately detected respiratory events (apneas and hypopneas) during sleep without subject contact. Therefore, impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar may be used as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62061-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T07:06:27Z","timestamp":1585033587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Non-contact diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea using impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sun","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hyo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8218-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"62061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61622-0","volume":"373","author":"TD Bradley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bradley, T. D. & Floras, J. S. Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet. 373, 82\u201393 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"62061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.045","volume":"62","author":"LF Drager","year":"2013","unstructured":"Drager, L. F., Togeiro, S. M., Polotsky, V. Y. & Lorenzi-Filho, G. Obstructive sleep apnea: a cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62, 569\u2013576 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"62061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.303","volume":"34","author":"SF Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan, S. F. et al. The association between obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive performance\u2013the Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES). Sleep. 34, 303\u2013314B (2011).","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"62061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4466","volume":"11","author":"MA Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta, M. A. & Simpson, F. C. Obstructive sleep apnea and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 11, 165\u2013175 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"62061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","volume":"8","author":"RB Berry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry, R. B. et al. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American academy of sleep medicine. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 8, 597\u2013619 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"62061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2001.01173.x","volume":"41","author":"JC Rains","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rains, J. C. Polysomnography necessitates experimental control of the \u201cFirst Night Effect\u201d. Headache. 41, 917\u2013918 (2001).","journal-title":"Headache."},{"key":"62061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00019-X","volume":"35","author":"O Le Bon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Le Bon, O. et al. The first-night effect may last more than one night. J. Psychiatr. Res. 35, 165\u2013172 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"62061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2092","volume":"35","author":"N Ben-Israel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ben-Israel, N., Tarasiuk, A. & Zigel, Y. Obstructive apnea hypopnea index estimation by analysis of nocturnal snoring signals in adults. Sleep. 35, 1299\u20131305 (2012).","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"62061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084139","volume":"8","author":"E Dafna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dafna, E., Tarasiuk, A. & Zigel, Y. Automatic detection of whole night snoring events using non-contact microphone. PloS One. 8, e84139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084139 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"key":"62061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2018.00388","volume":"12","author":"JW Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, J. W. et al. Prediction of obstructive sleep apnea based on respiratory sounds recorded between sleep onset and sleep offset. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 12, 72\u201378 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"62061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12023","volume":"22","author":"ZT Beattie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beattie, Z. T., Hayes, T. L., Guilleminault, C. & Hagen, C. C. Accurate scoring of the apnea-hypopnea index using a simple non-contact breathing sensor. J. Sleep Res. 22, 356\u2013362 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"62061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.004378","volume":"6","author":"CB Pereira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pereira, C. B. et al. Remote monitoring of breathing dynamics using infrared thermography. Biomed. Opt. Express. 6, 4378\u20134394 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express."},{"key":"62061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306740","volume":"15","author":"VH Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, V. H. & Pyun, J. Y. Location detection and tracking of moving targets by a 2D IR-UWB radar system. Sensors. 15, 6740\u20136762 (2015).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"62061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31411-8","volume":"8","author":"Y Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, Y. et al. A novel non-contact heart rate monitor using impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar technology. Sci. Rep. 8, 13053, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-31411-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"62061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yim, D. et al. Quantified activity measurement for medical use in movement disorders through IR-UWB radar sensor. Sensors. 19, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19030688 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030688"},{"key":"62061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7236","volume":"14","author":"S Pallesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pallesen, S. et al. A pilot study of impulse radio ultra wideband radar technology as a new tool for sleep assessment. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 14, 1249\u20131254 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"62061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leem, S. K., Khan, F. & Cho, S. H. Vital sign monitoring and mobile phone usage detection using IR-UWB radar for intended use in car crash prevention. Sensors. 17, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061240 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061240"},{"key":"62061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202595","volume":"14","author":"A Lazaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lazaro, A., Girbau, D. & Villarino, R. Techniques for clutter suppression in the presence of body movements during the detection of respiratory activity through UWB radars. Sensors. 14, 2595\u20132618 (2014).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"62061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan, F. & Cho, S. H. A detailed algorithm for vital sign monitoring of a stationary\/non-stationary human through IR-UWB radar. Sensors. 17, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17020290 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020290"},{"key":"62061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERB10122502","volume":"30","author":"B Magaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magaz, B., Belouchrani, A. & Hamadouche, M. Automatic threshold selection in OS-CFAR radar detection using information theoretic criteria. Prog. Electromagn. Res. B. 30, 157\u2013175 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. B."},{"key":"62061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11038","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211038","volume":"10","author":"B Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, B., Zhou, Z., Zou, W., Li, D. & Zhao, C. Optimal waveforms design for ultra-wideband impulse radio sensors. Sensors. 10, 11038\u201311063 (2010).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"62061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9045","DOI":"10.3390\/s110909045","volume":"11","author":"J Ch\u00f3liz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ch\u00f3liz, J., Hernandez, A. & Valdovinos, A. A framework for UWB-based communication and location tracking systems for wireless sensor networks. Sensors. 11, 9045\u20139068 (2011).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"62061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800759","volume":"49","author":"EC Fear","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fear, E. C., Li, X., Hagness, S. C. & Stuchly, M. A. Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: localization of tumors in three dimensions. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 49, 812\u2013822 (2002).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"62061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10778","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210778","volume":"10","author":"F Thiel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thiel, F., Kosch, O. & Seifert, F. Ultra-wideband sensors for improved magnetic resonance imaging, cardiovascular monitoring and tumour diagnostics. Sensors. 10, 10778\u201310802 (2010).","journal-title":"Sensors."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74049-5","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-62061-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-62061-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-62061-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:08:24Z","timestamp":1730873304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-62061-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62061-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74049-5","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74049-5","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Data collection utilized radar hardware from Xandar Kardian Inc., a company co-founded by Sung Ho Cho who currently serves as a full-time professor at Hanyang University in South Korea. The radar hardware was used exclusively for data collection purposes. This research received no financial support from Xandar Kardian Inc., but it was fully funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Korea. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5261"}}