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All pathogenic proteins differ from each other in biological function, primary sequences, and morphologies; however, the proteins are toxic when aggregated. Here, we investigated the cellular toxicity of pathogenic or non-pathogenic protein aggregates. In this study, six proteins were selected and they were incubated at acid pH and high temperature. The aggregation kinetic and cellular toxicity of protein species with time were characterized. Three non-pathogenic proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), catalase, and pepsin at pH 2 and 65 \u00b0C were stable in protein structure and non-toxic at a lower concentration of 1\u2009mg\/mL. They formed aggregates at a higher concentration of 20\u2009mg\/mL with time and they induced the toxicity in short incubation time points, 10\u2009min and 20\u2009min only and they became non-toxic after 30\u2009min. Other three pathogenic proteins, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and insulin, also produced the aggregates with time and they caused cytotoxicity at both 1\u2009mg\/mL and 20\u2009mg\/mL after 10\u2009min. TEM images and DSC analysis demonstrated that fibrils or aggregates at 1\u2009mg\/mL induced cellular toxicity due to low thermal stability. In DSC data, fibrils or aggregates of pathogenic proteins had low thermal transition compared to fresh samples. The results provide useful information to understand the aggregation and cellular toxicity of pathogenic and non-pathogenic proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62062-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T11:03:20Z","timestamp":1584702200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Aggregation and Cellular Toxicity of Pathogenic or Non-pathogenic Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1699-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungmun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Chul","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenana","family":"Al Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suryani","family":"Lukman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"62062_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045115","volume":"86","author":"F Chiti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiti, F. & Dobson, C. 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