{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:40:46Z","timestamp":1774280446042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001961","name":"AXA Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG72952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG72952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2015-70037-R MINECO-FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2015-70037-R MINECO-FEDER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impulsivity describes the tendency to act prematurely without appropriate foresight and is symptomatic of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although a number of genes for impulsivity have been identified, no study to date has carried out an unbiased, genome-wide approach to identify genetic markers associated with impulsivity in experimental animals. Herein we report a linkage study of a six-generational pedigree of adult rats phenotyped for one dimension of impulsivity, namely premature responding on the five-choice serial reaction time task, combined with genome wide sequencing and transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes associated with the expression of the impulsivity trait. Premature responding was found to be heritable (h<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200913\u201316%), with significant linkage (LOD 5.2) identified on chromosome 1. Fine mapping of this locus identified a number of polymorphic candidate genes, however only one, beta haemoglobin, was differentially expressed in both the founder strain and F6 generation. These findings provide novel insights into the genetic substrates and putative neurobiological mechanisms of impulsivity with broader translational relevance for impulsivity-related disorders in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63646-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T10:04:37Z","timestamp":1587463477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impulsivity is a heritable trait in rodents and associated with a novel quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bianca","family":"Jupp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pitzoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Petretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda Pena","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily R.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santosh S.","family":"Atanur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashant K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Saar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Hubner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang H.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Staehlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Spanagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma S.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry J.","family":"Everitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Aitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Dalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"63646_CR1","unstructured":"Daruna, J. & Barnes, P. in The impulsive client: theory, research and treatment (eds WG McCown, JL Johnson, & MB Shure) (American Psychological Association 1993)."},{"key":"63646_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.5.586","volume":"25","author":"JC Perry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perry, J. C. & Korner, A. C. Impulsive phenomena, the impulsive character (der Triebhafte Charakter) and DSM personality disorders. Journal of personality disorders 25, 586\u2013606, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.5.586 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of personality disorders"},{"key":"63646_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01035.x","volume":"14","author":"LE Lombardo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lombardo, L. E. et al. Trait impulsivity as an endophenotype for bipolar I disorder. Bipolar disorders 14, 565\u2013570, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01035.x (2012).","journal-title":"Bipolar disorders"},{"key":"63646_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.015","volume":"68","author":"KD Ersche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ersche, K. D., Turton, A. J., Pradhan, S., Bullmore, E. T. & Robbins, T. W. Drug addiction endophenotypes: impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits. Biological psychiatry 68, 770\u2013773, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.015 (2010).","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JACP.0000026143.70832.4b","volume":"32","author":"C Avila","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avila, C., Cuenca, I., Felix, V., Parcet, M. A. & Miranda, A. Measuring impulsivity in school-aged boys and examining its relationship with ADHD and ODD ratings. Journal of abnormal child psychology 32, 295\u2013304 (2004).","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal child psychology"},{"key":"63646_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120380","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0380","volume":"368","author":"L Bevilacqua","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, L. & Goldman, D. Genetics of impulsive behaviour. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 368, 20120380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0380 (2013).","journal-title":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences"},{"key":"63646_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_5013","volume":"28","author":"V Voon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Voon, V. & Dalley, J. W. Translatable and Back-Translatable Measurement of Impulsivity and Compulsivity: Convergent and Divergent Processes. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 28, 53\u201391, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2015_5013 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"63646_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.8","volume":"18","author":"JW Dalley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalley, J. W. & Robbins, T. W. Fractionating impulsivity: neuropsychiatric implications. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 18, 158\u2013171, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2017.8 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481","volume":"146","author":"JL Evenden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Evenden, J. L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146, 348\u2013361 (1999).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"63646_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020","volume":"69","author":"JW Dalley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 69, 680\u2013694, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"63646_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi088","volume":"16","author":"CA Winstanley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E., Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N. & Robbins, T. W. Double dissociation between serotonergic and dopaminergic modulation of medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex during a test of impulsive choice. Cereb Cortex 16, 106\u2013114, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhi088 (2006).","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"63646_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.818","volume":"68","author":"KJ Sher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D. & Wood, M. D. Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 68, 818\u2013829 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"key":"63646_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00106-0","volume":"68","author":"FG Moeller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moeller, F. G. et al. Increased impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects independent of antisocial personality disorder and aggression. Drug and alcohol dependence 68, 105\u2013111 (2002).","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"key":"63646_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0089","volume":"363","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Everitt, B. J. et al. Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363, 3125\u20133135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2008.0089 (2008).","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"63646_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x","volume":"14","author":"H de Wit","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Wit, H. Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes. Addict Biol 14, 22\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x (2009).","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"63646_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1583","volume":"8","author":"MJ Kreek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R. & LaForge, K. S. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature neuroscience 8, 1450\u20131457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1583 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurx.2006.05.006","volume":"3","author":"GR Uhl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uhl, G. R. Molecular genetics of addiction vulnerability. NeuroRx: the journal of the American Society for Experimental. NeuroTherapeutics 3, 295\u2013301, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurx.2006.05.006 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroTherapeutics"},{"key":"63646_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jupp, B. & Dalley, J. W. in Animal models of behaviour genetics (eds J.C. Gewirtz & Y Kim) 63-100 (Springer, 2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3777-6_3"},{"key":"63646_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073","volume":"315","author":"JW Dalley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dalley, J. W. et al. Nucleus accumbens D2\/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315, 1267\u20131270, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1137073 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63646_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.030","volume":"61","author":"C Blondeau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blondeau, C. & Dellu-Hagedorn, F. Dimensional analysis of ADHD subtypes in rats. Biological psychiatry 61, 1340\u20131350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.030 (2007).","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1996.0060","volume":"66","author":"T Puumala","year":"1996","unstructured":"Puumala, T. et al. Behavioral and pharmacological studies on the validation of a new animal model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurobiology of learning and memory 66, 198\u2013211 (1996).","journal-title":"Neurobiology of learning and memory"},{"key":"63646_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.07.011","volume":"63","author":"L Diergaarde","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diergaarde, L. et al. Impulsive choice and impulsive action predict vulnerability to distinct stages of nicotine seeking in rats. Biol Psychiatry 63, 301\u2013308, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.07.011 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.008","volume":"65","author":"D Economidou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Economidou, D., Pelloux, Y., Robbins, T. W., Dalley, J. W. & Everitt, B. J. High impulsivity predicts relapse to cocaine-seeking after punishment-induced abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 65, 851\u2013856, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.008 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158136","volume":"320","author":"D Belin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Belin, D., Mar, A. C., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W. & Everitt, B. J. High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science 320, 1352\u20131355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1158136 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63646_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13184","volume":"40","author":"S Sanchez-Roige","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchez-Roige, S., Stephens, D. N. & Duka, T. Heightened Impulsivity: Associated with Family History of Alcohol Misuse, and a Consequence of Alcohol Intake. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 40, 2208\u20132217, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13184 (2016).","journal-title":"Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research"},{"key":"63646_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896","volume":"3","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castellanos, F. X. & Tannock, R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 3, 617\u2013628, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn896 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12748","volume":"40","author":"JM Ferland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferland, J. M. et al. Greater sensitivity to novelty in rats is associated with increased motor impulsivity following repeated exposure to a stimulating environment: implications for the etiology of impulse control deficits. Eur J Neurosci 40, 3746\u20133756, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12748 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"63646_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820410116","volume":"116","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. Exploratory locomotion, a predictor of addiction vulnerability, is oligogenic in rats selected for this phenotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, 13107\u201313115, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820410116 (2019).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"63646_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1576","volume":"6","author":"J Flint","year":"2005","unstructured":"Flint, J., Valdar, W., Shifman, S. & Mott, R. Strategies for mapping and cloning quantitative trait genes in rodents. Nature reviews. Genetics 6, 271\u2013286, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg1576 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"AR Isles","year":"2004","unstructured":"Isles, A. R., Humby, T., Walters, E. & Wilkinson, L. S. Common genetic effects on variation in impulsivity and activity in mice. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 24, 6733\u20136740, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-04.2004 (2004).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12050","volume":"12","author":"JB Richards","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richards, J. B. et al. Strong genetic influences on measures of behavioral-regulation among inbred rat strains. Genes, brain, and behavior 12, 490\u2013502, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gbb.12050 (2013).","journal-title":"Genes, brain, and behavior"},{"key":"63646_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.022","volume":"77","author":"AP Anokhin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anokhin, A. P., Grant, J. D., Mulligan, R. C. & Heath, A. C. The genetics of impulsivity: evidence for the heritability of delay discounting. Biological psychiatry 77, 887\u2013894, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.022 (2015).","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9693-9","volume":"41","author":"J Crosbie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crosbie, J. et al. Response inhibition and ADHD traits: correlates and heritability in a community sample. Journal of abnormal child psychology 41, 497\u2013507, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9693-9 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal child psychology"},{"key":"63646_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001463","volume":"17","author":"RJ Schachar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schachar, R. J., Forget-Dubois, N., Dionne, G., Boivin, M. & Robaey, P. Heritability of response inhibition in children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS 17, 238\u2013247, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617710001463 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"key":"63646_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007912","volume":"11","author":"H Cohen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cohen, H., Geva, A. B., Matar, M. A., Zohar, J. & Kaplan, Z. Post-traumatic stress behavioural responses in inbred mouse strains: can genetic predisposition explain phenotypic vulnerability? The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 11, 331\u2013349, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1461145707007912 (2008).","journal-title":"The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"63646_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014458","volume":"5","author":"BH Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller, B. H., Schultz, L. E., Gulati, A., Su, A. I. & Pletcher, M. T. Phenotypic characterization of a genetically diverse panel of mice for behavioral despair and anxiety. PloS one 5, e14458, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014458 (2010).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"63646_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2010.00616.x","volume":"9","author":"AC Meyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer, A. C. et al. Genetics of novelty seeking, amphetamine self-administration and reinstatement using inbred rats. Genes, brain, and behavior 9, 790\u2013798, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2010.00616.x (2010).","journal-title":"Genes, brain, and behavior"},{"key":"63646_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509724103","volume":"103","author":"CL Kliethermes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kliethermes, C. L. & Crabbe, J. C. Genetic independence of mouse measures of some aspects of novelty seeking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 5018\u20135023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0509724103 (2006).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"63646_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.05.039","volume":"292","author":"PE Dickson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dickson, P. E. et al. Sex and strain influence attribution of incentive salience to reward cues in mice. Behav Brain Res 292, 305\u2013315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.05.039 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"63646_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2167-x","volume":"215","author":"AC Molander","year":"2011","unstructured":"Molander, A. C. et al. High impulsivity predicting vulnerability to cocaine addiction in rats: some relationship with novelty preference but not novelty reactivity, anxiety or stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215, 721\u2013731, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-011-2167-x (2011).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"63646_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20481","volume":"53","author":"V Lovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lovic, V., Palombo, D. J. & Fleming, A. S. Impulsive rats are less maternal. Developmental psychobiology 53, 13\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20481 (2011).","journal-title":"Developmental psychobiology"},{"key":"63646_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.005","volume":"31","author":"S Bezdjian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A. & Tuvblad, C. Genetic and environmental influences on impulsivity: a meta-analysis of twin, family and adoption studies. Clinical psychology review 31, 1209\u20131223, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.005 (2011).","journal-title":"Clinical psychology review"},{"key":"63646_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x","volume":"22","author":"S Lev-Ran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lev-Ran, S., Le Strat, Y., Imtiaz, S., Rehm, J. & Le Foll, B. Gender differences in prevalence of substance use disorders among individuals with lifetime exposure to substances: results from a large representative sample. The American journal on addictions 22, 7\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x (2013).","journal-title":"The American journal on addictions"},{"key":"63646_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","volume":"36","author":"M Gaub","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gaub, M. & Carlson, C. L. Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 1036\u20131045, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011 (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.09.011","volume":"89","author":"S Trent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trent, S. & Davies, W. The influence of sex-linked genetic mechanisms on attention and impulsivity. Biological psychology 89, 1\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.09.011 (2012).","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"key":"63646_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.1.76","volume":"117","author":"JD Jentsch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jentsch, J. D. & Taylor, J. R. Sex-related differences in spatial divided attention and motor impulsivity in rats. Behavioral neuroscience 117, 76\u201383 (2003).","journal-title":"Behavioral neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.09.020","volume":"146","author":"Y Chudasama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chudasama, Y. et al. Dissociable aspects of performance on the 5-choice serial reaction time task following lesions of the dorsal anterior cingulate, infralimbic and orbitofrontal cortex in the rat: differential effects on selectivity, impulsivity and compulsivity. Behav Brain Res 146, 105\u2013119 (2003).","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"63646_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.3.470","volume":"6","author":"JL Muir","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muir, J. L., Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. The cerebral cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociable effects of mediofrontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesions on a five-choice serial reaction time task. Cereb Cortex 6, 470\u2013481 (1996).","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"63646_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.32","volume":"21","author":"A Belin-Rauscent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belin-Rauscent, A. et al. Impulsivity is predicted by the thinness of the insular cortex in rats. Mol Psychiatry 21, 445, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2016.32 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12071","volume":"37","author":"AR Abela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abela, A. R. & Chudasama, Y. Dissociable contributions of the ventral hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex to decision-making with a delayed or uncertain outcome. The European journal of neuroscience 37, 640\u2013647, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12071 (2013).","journal-title":"The European journal of neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.07.013","volume":"75","author":"D Caprioli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caprioli, D. et al. Gamma aminobutyric acidergic and neuronal structural markers in the nucleus accumbens core underlie trait-like impulsive behavior. Biol Psychiatry 75, 115\u2013123, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.07.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"63646_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25093","volume":"43","author":"SJ Sawiak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawiak, S. J. et al. In vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid measurement in rats with spectral editing at 4.7T. J Magn Reson Imaging 43, 1308\u20131312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.25093 (2016).","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"63646_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3984-0","volume":"232","author":"SN Isherwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isherwood, S. N., Pekcec, A., Nicholson, J. R., Robbins, T. W. & Dalley, J. W. Dissociable effects of mGluR5 allosteric modulation on distinct forms of impulsivity in rats: interaction with NMDA receptor antagonism. Psychopharmacology 232, 3327\u20133344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3984-0 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"63646_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2069-2","volume":"179","author":"PJ Kenny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kenny, P. J., Boutrel, B., Gasparini, F., Koob, G. F. & Markou, A. Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor blockade may attenuate cocaine self-administration by decreasing brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179, 247\u2013254, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-004-2069-2 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"63646_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.218","volume":"34","author":"A Markou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Markou, A. Accruing preclinical evidence about metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonists as treatments for drug dependence highlights the irreplaceable contributions of animal studies to the discovery of new medications for human disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 817\u2013819, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2008.218 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"63646_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1013","volume":"44","author":"J Elia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elia, J. et al. Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nature genetics 44, 78\u201384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.1013 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9269","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09269.1998","volume":"18","author":"R Janz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Janz, R., Hofmann, K. & Sudhof, T. C. SVOP, an evolutionarily conserved synaptic vesicle protein, suggests novel transport functions of synaptic vesicles. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 18, 9269\u20139281 (1998).","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"63646_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/35087000","volume":"3","author":"T Xu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xu, T. & Bajjalieh, S. M. SV2 modulates the size of the readily releasable pool of secretory vesicles. Nature cell biology 3, 691\u2013698, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35087000 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature cell biology"},{"key":"63646_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/g05-083","volume":"49","author":"JA Treadwell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Treadwell, J. A. Integrative strategies to identify candidate genes in rodent models of human alcoholism. Genome 49, 1\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/g05-083 (2006).","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"63646_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197202242860806","volume":"286","author":"CA Finch","year":"1972","unstructured":"Finch, C. A. & Lenfant, C. Oxygen transport in man. The New England journal of medicine 286, 407\u2013415, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197202242860806 (1972).","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"key":"63646_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.232.4746.90","volume":"232","author":"DW Kraus","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kraus, D. W. & Colacino, J. M. Extended Oxygen Delivery from the Nerve Hemoglobin of Tellina alternata (Bivalvia). Science 232, 90\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.232.4746.90 (1986).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63646_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22062","volume":"515","author":"F Richter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richter, F., Meurers, B. H., Zhu, C., Medvedeva, V. P. & Chesselet, M. F. Neurons express hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains in rat and human brains. The Journal of comparative neurology 515, 538\u2013547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22062 (2009).","journal-title":"The Journal of comparative neurology"},{"key":"63646_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15454","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813216106","volume":"106","author":"M Biagioli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biagioli, M. et al. Unexpected expression of alpha- and beta-globin in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and glial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 15454\u201315459, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0813216106 (2009).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"63646_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.05.005","volume":"1834","author":"R Russo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Russo, R. et al. Hemoglobin is present as a canonical alpha2beta2 tetramer in dopaminergic neurons. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1834, 1939\u20131943, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.05.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"key":"63646_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101485","volume":"23","author":"I Ferrer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferrer, I. et al. Neuronal hemoglobin is reduced in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, argyrophilic grain disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: JAD 23, 537\u2013550, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2010-101485 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: JAD"},{"key":"63646_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1662","volume":"28","author":"H Yoshioka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoshioka, H. et al. Consistent injury to medium spiny neurons and white matter in the mouse striatum after prolonged transient global cerebral ischemia. Journal of neurotrauma 28, 649\u2013660, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1662 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"key":"63646_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24100","volume":"75","author":"E McClendon","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClendon, E. et al. Prenatal cerebral ischemia triggers dysmaturation of caudate projection neurons. Annals of neurology 75, 508\u2013524, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24100 (2014).","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"key":"63646_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.41","volume":"3","author":"A Bari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bari, A., Dalley, J. W. & Robbins, T. W. The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats. Nat Protoc 3, 759\u2013767, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2008.41 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"63646_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1059","volume":"42","author":"RN Cardinal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cardinal, R. N. & Aitken, M. R. Whisker: a client-server high-performance multimedia research control system. Behav Res Methods 42, 1059\u20131071, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1059 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"63646_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg112","volume":"19","author":"KW Broman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Broman, K. W., Wu, H., Sen, S. & Churchill, G. A. R\/qtl: QTL mapping in experimental crosses. Bioinformatics 19, 889\u2013890 (2003).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR71","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"J Hadfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hadfield, J. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMCglmm R package. Journal of Statistic Software 33, 1\u201322 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Statistic Software"},{"key":"63646_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq533","volume":"26","author":"MH Wright","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright, M. H. et al. ALCHEMY: a reliable method for automated SNP genotype calling for small batch sizes and highly homozygous populations. Bioinformatics 26, 2952\u20132960, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq533 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/ng786","volume":"30","author":"GR Abecasis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abecasis, G. R., Cherny, S. S., Cookson, W. O. & Cardon, L. R. Merlin\u2013rapid analysis of dense genetic maps using sparse gene flow trees. Nature genetics 30, 97\u2013101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng786 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/429226","volume":"76","author":"N Riaz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Riaz, N. et al. Genomewide significant linkage to stuttering on chromosome 12. American journal of human genetics 76, 647\u2013651, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/429226 (2005).","journal-title":"American journal of human genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.24","volume":"16","author":"F Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu, F., Kirichenko, A., Axenovich, T. I., van Duijn, C. M. & Aulchenko, Y. S. An approach for cutting large and complex pedigrees for linkage analysis. European journal of human genetics: EJHG 16, 854\u2013860, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2008.24 (2008).","journal-title":"European journal of human genetics: EJHG"},{"key":"63646_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm617","volume":"24","author":"M Falchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Falchi, M. & Fuchsberger, C. Jenti: an efficient tool for mining complex inbred genealogies. Bioinformatics 24, 724\u2013726, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm617 (2008).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1086\/301904","volume":"63","author":"JR O\u2019Connell","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, J. R. & Weeks, D. E. PedCheck: a program for identification of genotype incompatibilities in linkage analysis. American journal of human genetics 63, 259\u2013266, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/301904 (1998).","journal-title":"American journal of human genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti529","volume":"21","author":"JE Wigginton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wigginton, J. E. & Abecasis, G. R. PEDSTATS: descriptive statistics, graphics and quality assessment for gene mapping data. Bioinformatics 21, 3445\u20133447, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti529 (2005).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02426","volume":"428","author":"RA Gibbs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gibbs, R. A. et al. Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. Nature 428, 493\u2013521, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02426 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"63646_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754\u20131760, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806","volume":"43","author":"MA DePristo","year":"2011","unstructured":"DePristo, M. A. et al. A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. Nature genetics 43, 491\u2013498, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.806 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"63646_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110","volume":"20","author":"A McKenna","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKenna, A. et al. The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome research 20, 1297\u20131303, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.107524.110 (2010).","journal-title":"Genome research"},{"key":"63646_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.003","volume":"34","author":"DM Eagle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eagle, D. M. & Baunez, C. Is there an inhibitory-response-control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 34, 50\u201372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews"},{"key":"63646_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-111","volume":"5","author":"L Gautier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gautier, L., Moller, M., Friis-Hansen, L. & Knudsen, S. Alternative mapping of probes to genes for Affymetrix chips. BMC bioinformatics 5, 111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-5-111 (2004).","journal-title":"BMC bioinformatics"},{"key":"63646_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.07.055","volume":"573","author":"R Breitling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Breitling, R., Armengaud, P., Amtmann, A. & Herzyk, P. Rank products: a simple, yet powerful, new method to detect differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments. FEBS letters 573, 83\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.07.055 (2004).","journal-title":"FEBS letters"},{"key":"63646_CR86","unstructured":"Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates \/ George Paxinos, Charles Watson. (Elsevier, 2007)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-63646-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-63646-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-63646-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T09:39:22Z","timestamp":1670319562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-63646-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-63646-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"T.W.R. consults for Cambridge Cognition, Lundbeck and Mundipharma, and is currently in receipt of a research grant from Shionogi. JWD has received funding from Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6684"}}