{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T23:21:15Z","timestamp":1794525675542,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial use in livestock production is a driver for the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Wildlife interactions with livestock, acquiring associated AMR bacteria and genes, and wildlife\u2019s subsequent dispersal across the landscape are hypothesized to play an important role in the ecology of AMR. Here, we examined priority AMR phenotypes and genotypes of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of European starlings (<jats:italic>Sturnus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>) found on concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). European starlings may be present in high numbers on CAFOs (&gt;100,000 birds), interact with urban environments, and can migrate distances exceeding 1,500\u2009km in North America. In this study, 1,477 European starlings from 31 feedlots in five U.S. states were sampled for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> resistant to third generation cephalosporins (3G-C) and fluoroquinolones. The prevalence of 3G-C and fluoroquinolone-resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was 4% and 10%, respectively. Multidrug resistance in the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates collected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009236) was common, with the majority of isolates displaying resistance to six or more classes of antibiotics. Genetic analyses of a subset of these isolates identified 94 genes putatively contributing to AMR, including seven class A and C \u03b2-lactamases as well as mutations in <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> recognized to confer resistance to quinolones. Phylogenetic and subtyping assessments showed that highly similar isolates (\u226599.4% shared core genome, \u226599.6% shared coding sequence) with priority AMR were found in birds on feedlots separated by distances exceeding 150\u2009km, suggesting that European starlings could be involved in the interstate dissemination of priority AMR bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64544-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:21:14Z","timestamp":1589538074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Role of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli among Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"Blouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"LeJeune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence D.","family":"Goodridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Mangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin A.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Hopken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bledar","family":"Bisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"64544_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03366-14","volume":"81","author":"NT Nhung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nhung, N. T. et al. High levels of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from livestock farms and synanthropic rats and shrews in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, 812\u2013820, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.03366-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"64544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12147","volume":"62","author":"J Greig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greig, J. et al. A scoping review of the role of wildlife in thetransmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance to the food chain. Zoonoses and Public Health 62, 269\u2013284, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12147 (2015).","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"64544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weese, J. S. et al. ACVIM consensus statement on therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance. J Vet Intern Med, 487\u2013498 (2015).","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12562"},{"key":"64544_CR4","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; (2019)."},{"key":"64544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00723.x","volume":"26","author":"LA Cox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cox, L. A. & Popken, D. A. Quantifying potential human health impacts of animal antibiotic use: enrofloxacin and macrolides in chickens. Risk Analysis 26, 135\u2013146, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00723.x (2006).","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"64544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","volume":"112","author":"TP Van Boeckel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Boeckel, T. P. et al. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. 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