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To explore the immune response to CS, we prospectively measured, in 24 consecutive CS patients, differential white blood cell (WBC) counts and the cytokines IL-1\u03b2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF\u03b1, IFN\u03b3, MCP-1 and eotaxin (CCL11), at Day 1 (T1), day 3 (T2) and day 6-8 (T3). Secondary infections and their influence on cytokines and WBCs were determined. CS induced early (T1) neutrophilia and elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1, correlating with shock severity. The eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin was elevated at T1 and decreased thereafter, and a progressive rise of blood eosinophils was noted over time. Patients with the most severe shock had reduced lymphocytes and monocytes at T2 and T3. Sixty-two percent of patients developed an infection, which did not alter the profile of immune response, except from higher IL-6 levels at T2. Therefore, CS elicits an acute pro-inflammatory response, followed by a delayed increase in blood eosinophils, consistent with the development of a tissue repair response, as well as depletion of immune cells in the most severely affected patients, which might predispose to secondary infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64702-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T10:03:43Z","timestamp":1588759423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Cardiogenic shock elicits acute inflammation, delayed eosinophilia, and depletion of immune cells in most severe cases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Justine","family":"Cuinet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Garbagnati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Yerly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine G.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Liaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"64702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029532","volume":"136","author":"S van Diepen","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Diepen, S. et al. 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