{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:39:08Z","timestamp":1790678348078,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whereas natural acoustic variation in speech does not compromise phoneme discrimination in healthy adults, it was hypothesized to be a challenge for developmental dyslexics. We investigated dyslexics\u2019 neural and perceptual discrimination of native language phonemes during acoustic variation. Dyslexics and non-dyslexics heard \/\u00e6\/ and \/i\/ phonemes in a context with <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> variation and then in a context without it. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a responses to phoneme changes were recorded with electroencephalogram to compare groups during ignore and attentive listening. Perceptual phoneme discrimination in the variable context was evaluated with hit-ratios and reaction times. MMN\/N2bs were diminished in dyslexics in the variable context. Hit-ratios were smaller in dyslexics than controls. MMNs did not differ between groups in the context without variation. These results suggest that even distinctive vowels are challenging to discriminate for dyslexics when the context resembles natural variability of speech. This most likely reflects poor categorical perception of phonemes in dyslexics. Difficulties to detect linguistically relevant invariant information during acoustic variation in speech may contribute to dyslexics\u2019 deficits in forming native language phoneme representations during infancy. Future studies should acknowledge that simple experimental paradigms with repetitive stimuli can be insensitive to dyslexics\u2019 speech processing deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65490-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T10:02:38Z","timestamp":1590487358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Poor neural and perceptual phoneme discrimination during acoustic variation in dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Virtala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Talola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Partanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kujala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"65490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1533","volume":"5","author":"PK Kuhl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuhl, P. K. Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 831\u2013843 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65490_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210070-00025","volume":"13","author":"A Shestakova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shestakova, A. et al. Abstract phoneme representations in the left temporal cortex: magnetic mismatch negativity study. Neuroreport 13, 1813\u20131816 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"65490_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200110080-00034","volume":"12","author":"G Dehaene-Lambertz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dehaene-Lambertz, G. & Pena, M. Electrophysiological evidence for automatic phonetic processing in neonates. Neuroreport 12, 3155\u20133158 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"65490_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.102","volume":"452","author":"J Kere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kere, J. The molecular genetics and neurobiology of developmental dyslexia as model of a complex phenotype. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 452, 236\u2013243 (2014).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"65490_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842","volume":"11","author":"RL Peterson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peterson, R. L. & Pennington, B. F. Developmental dyslexia. Annu. Rev. of Clinical Psychol. 11, 283\u2013307 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. of Clinical Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","volume":"53","author":"GR Lyon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lyon, G. R., Shaywitz, S. E. & Shaywitz, B. A. A Definition of Dyslexia. Ann. Dyslexia 53, 1\u201314 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"65490_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507","volume":"338","author":"SE Shaywitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shaywitz, S. E. Dyslexia. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 307\u2013312 (1998).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"65490_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00065-1","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Language","author":"Guinevere F. Eden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eden, G. F., Olulade, O. A., Evans, T. M., Krafnick, A. J. & Alkire, D. R. Developmental Dyslexia. In Neurobiology of Language 815\u2013826, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00065-1 (2016)."},{"key":"65490_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1772","volume":"9","author":"AM Galaburda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galaburda, A. M., LoTurco, J., Ramus, F., Fitch, R. H. & Rosen, G. D. From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1213\u20131217 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"65490_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.138","volume":"2","author":"J Kere","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kere, J. Molecular genetics and molecular biology of dyslexia. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 2, 441\u2013448 (2011).","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"65490_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.09.003","volume":"23","author":"AL Giraud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giraud, A. L. & Ramus, F. Neurogenetics and auditory processing in developmental dyslexia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 37\u201342 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"65490_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","volume":"1","author":"FR Vellutino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J. & Scanlon, D. M. Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1, 2\u201340 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"65490_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333","volume":"342","author":"B Boets","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boets, B. et al. Intact but less accessible phonetic representations in adults with dyslexia. Science (80-). 342, 1251\u20131255 (2013).","journal-title":"Science (80-)."},{"key":"65490_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411436213","volume":"46","author":"JA H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, J. A., Salminen, H. K. & Lepp\u00e4nen, P. H. T. Basic Auditory Processing Deficits in Dyslexia: Systematic Review of the Behavioral and Event-Related Potential\/ Field Evidence. J. Learn. Disabil. 46, 413\u2013427 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"65490_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00032-X","volume":"25","author":"T Kujala","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kujala, T. & N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. The mismatch negativity in evaluating central auditory dysfunction in dyslexia. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 535\u2013543 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"65490_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.21.34.239","volume":"21","author":"TM Kujala","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kujala, T. M. The role of early auditory discrimination deficits in language disorders. J. Psychophysiol. 21, 239\u2013250 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"65490_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.001","volume":"74","author":"T Kujala","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kujala, T., Tervaniemi, M. & Schr\u00f6ger, E. The mismatch negativity in cognitive and clinical neuroscience: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Biol. Psychol. 74, 1\u201319 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01114.x","volume":"48","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2011","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Kujala, T. & Winkler, I. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: A unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology 48, 4\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"65490_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(82)90017-5","volume":"14","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1982","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Simpson, M. & Loveless, N. E. Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials. Biol. Psychol. 14, 53\u201398 (1982).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3520211","volume":"35","author":"K Alho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alho, K. et al. Processing of novel sounds and frequency changes in the human auditory cortex: Magnetoencephalographic recordings. Psychophysiology 35, 211\u2013224 (1998).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"65490_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.04.001","volume":"79","author":"J Horv\u00e1th","year":"2008","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th, J., Winkler, I. & Bendixen, A. Do N1\/MMN, P3a, and RON form a strongly coupled chain reflecting the three stages of auditory distraction? Biol. Psychol. 79, 139\u2013147 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/385432a0","volume":"385","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1997","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. et al. Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature 385, 432\u2013434 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65490_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3810001","volume":"38","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2001","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic equivalent (MMNm). Psychophysiology 38, 1\u201321 (2001).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"65490_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.005","volume":"28","author":"T Kujala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kujala, T. & Leminen, M. Low-level neural auditory discrimination dysfunctions in specific language impairment\u2014A review on mismatch negativity findings. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 28, 65\u201375 (2017).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"65490_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.031","volume":"66","author":"U Maurer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maurer, U. et al. Neurophysiology in preschool improves behavioral prediction of reading ability throughout primary school. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 341\u2013348 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"65490_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.058","volume":"528","author":"TL Van Zuijen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Zuijen, T. L. et al. Temporal auditory processing at 17 months of age is associated with preliterate language comprehension and later word reading fluency: An ERP study. Neurosci. Lett. 528, 31\u201335 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"65490_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.05.018","volume":"130","author":"G Schaadt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schaadt, G. & M\u00e4nnel, C. Phonemes, words, and phrases: Tracking phonological processing in pre-schoolers developing dyslexia. Clin. Neurophysiol. 130, 1329\u20131341 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"65490_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32810f2e25","volume":"18","author":"U Bitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bitz, U., Gust, K., Spitzer, M. & Kiefer, M. Phonological deficit in school children is reflected in the mismatch negativity. Neuroreport 18, 911\u2013915 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"65490_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2004.11.005","volume":"56","author":"T Lachmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lachmann, T., Berti, S., Kujala, T. & Schr\u00f6ger, E. Diagnostic subgroups of developmental dyslexia have different deficits in neural processing of tones and phonemes. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 56, 105\u2013120 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"65490_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.097","volume":"1335","author":"R Lovio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lovio, R., N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. & Kujala, T. Abnormal pattern of cortical speech feature discrimination in 6-year-old children at risk for dyslexia. Brain Res. 1335, 53\u201362 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"65490_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00152-5","volume":"40","author":"G Schulte-K\u00f6rne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schulte-K\u00f6rne, G., Deimel, W., Bartling, J. & Remschmidt, H. Speech perception deficit in dyslexic adults as measured by mismatch negativity (MMN). Int. J. Psychophysiol. 40, 77\u201387 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"65490_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05100.x","volume":"24","author":"T Kujala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kujala, T. et al. Speech- and sound-segmentation in dyslexia: Evidence for a multiple-level cortical impairment. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24, 2420\u20132427 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"65490_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.084","volume":"357","author":"T Fosker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fosker, T. & Thierry, G. P300 investigation of phoneme change detection in dyslexic adults. Neurosci. Lett. 357, 171\u2013174 (2004).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"65490_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000221846.43126.a6","volume":"17","author":"S Corbera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Corbera, S., Escera, C. & Artigas, J. Impaired duration mismatch negativity in developmental dyslexia. Neuroreport 17, 1051\u20131055 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"65490_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<495::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"45","author":"T Baldeweg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baldeweg, T., Richardon, A., Watkins, S., Foale, C. & Gruzelier, G. Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Ann. Neurol. 45, 495\u2013503 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"65490_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.651","volume":"133","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bishop, D. V. M. Using mismatch negativity to study central auditory processing in developmental language and literacy impairments: Where are we, and where should we be going? Psychol. Bull. 133, 651\u2013672 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"65490_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720262","volume":"37","author":"T Kujala","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kujala, T. et al. Basic auditory dysfunction in dyslexia as demonstrated by brain activity measurements. Psychophysiology 37, 262\u2013266 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"65490_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02559.x","volume":"17","author":"T Kujala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kujala, T., Belitz, S., Tervaniemi, M. & N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. Auditory sensory memory disorder in dyslexic adults as indexed by the mismatch negativity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1323\u20131327 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"65490_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.002","volume":"117","author":"T Kujala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kujala, T., Lovio, R., Lepist\u00f6, T., Laasonen, M. & N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. Evaluation of multi-attribute auditory discrimination in dyslexia with the mismatch negativity. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 885\u2013893 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"65490_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084150","volume":"41","author":"JF Werker","year":"1987","unstructured":"Werker, J. F. & Tees, R. C. Speech perception in severely disabled and average reading children. Can. J. Psychol. 41, 48\u201361 (1987).","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2008.03.006","volume":"101","author":"C Bogliotti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bogliotti, C., Serniclaes, W., Messaoud-Galusi, S. & Sprenger-Charolles, L. Discrimination of speech sounds by children with dyslexia: Comparisons with chronological age and reading level controls. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 101, 137\u2013155 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(81)90105-3","volume":"32","author":"JJ Godfrey","year":"1981","unstructured":"Godfrey, J. J., Syrdal-Lasky, K., Millay, K. K. & Knox, C. M. Performance of dyslexic children on speech perception tests. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 32, 401\u2013424 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2015.1052455","volume":"19","author":"MW Noordenbos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noordenbos, M. W. & Serniclaes, W. The categorical perception deficit in dyslexia: A meta-analysis. Sci. Stud. Read. 19, 340\u2013359 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"65490_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.01.002","volume":"132","author":"P Virtala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Virtala, P., Partanen, E., Tervaniemi, M. & Kujala, T. Neural discrimination of speech sound changes in a variable context occurs irrespective of attention and explicit awareness. Biol. Psychol. 132, 217\u2013227 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR45","first-page":"1010","volume":"2","author":"W Serniclaes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serniclaes, W. Allophonic theory of dyslexia: A short overview. JSM Commun. Disord. 2, 1010 (2018).","journal-title":"JSM Commun. Disord."},{"key":"65490_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serniclaes, W. & Sprenger-Charolles, L. Categorical perception of speech sounds and dyslexia. Curr. Psychol. Lett. Behav. brain Cogn. 1 (2003).","DOI":"10.4000\/cpl.379"},{"key":"65490_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.026","volume":"50","author":"MW Noordenbos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noordenbos, M. W., Segers, E., Serniclaes, W., Mitterer, H. & Verhoeven, L. Neural evidence of allophonic perception in children at risk for dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 50, 2010\u20132017 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"65490_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02528.x","volume":"53","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Universality of categorical perception deficit in developmental dyslexia: An investigation of Mandarin Chinese tones. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 53, 874\u2013882 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"65490_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.07.005","volume":"104","author":"I Hoonhorst","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoonhorst, I. et al. French native speakers in the making: From language-general to language-specific voicing boundaries. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 104, 353\u2013366 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"65490_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.017","volume":"34","author":"JAG Lum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lum, J. A. G., Ullman, M. T. & Conti-Ramsden, G. Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: Evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies. Res. Dev. Disabil. 34, 3460\u20133476 (2013).","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"65490_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.08.008","volume":"73","author":"Y Gabay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gabay, Y. & Holt, L. L. Incidental learning of sound categories is impaired in developmental dyslexia. Cortex 73, 131\u2013143 (2015).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"65490_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0324","volume":"58","author":"Y Gabay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gabay, Y., Thiessen, E. D. & Holt, L. L. Impaired statistical learning in developmental dyslexia. J. Speech, Lang. Hear. Res. 58, 934\u2013945 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Speech, Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"65490_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31211-0","volume":"8","author":"L Kimppa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimppa, L., Shtyrov, Y., Partanen, E. & Kujala, T. Impaired neural mechanism for online novel word acquisition in dyslexic children. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65490_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.11.020","volume":"92","author":"TK Perrachione","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perrachione, T. K. et al. Dysfunction of rapid neural adaptation in dyslexia. Neuron 92, 1383\u20131397 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"65490_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.08.015","volume":"11","author":"M Ahissar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahissar, M. Dyslexia and the anchoring-deficit hypothesis. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 458\u2013465 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"65490_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(99)00044-0","volume":"9","author":"T Harmony","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harmony, T. et al. Primary task demands modulate P3a amplitude. Cogn. Brain Res. 9, 53\u201360 (2000).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"65490_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6483","volume":"96","author":"S Nagarajan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nagarajan, S. et al. Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96, 6483\u20136488 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"65490_CR58","unstructured":"Nevala, J., Kairaluoma, L., Ahonen, T., Aro, M. & Holopainen, L. Lukemis- ja kirjoittamistaitojen yksil\u00f6testist\u00f6 nuorille ja aikuisille [Individual test material for assessing dyslexia in youth and in adult age] (Standardization version). (2006)."},{"key":"65490_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409335216","volume":"43","author":"M Laasonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laasonen, M., Lehtinen, M., Lepp\u00e4m\u00e4ki, S., Tani, P. & Hokkanen, L. Project DyAdd: Phonological processing, reading, spelling, and arithmetic in adults with dyslexia or ADHD. J. Learn. Disabil. 43, 3\u201314 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"65490_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300306","volume":"33","author":"DL Lefly","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lefly, D. L. & Pennington, B. F. Reliability and validity of the adult reading history questionnaire. J. Learn. Disabil. 33, 286\u2013296 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"65490_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","volume":"35","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C. et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol. Med. 35, 245\u2013256 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"65490_CR62","unstructured":"Wiik, K. Finnish and English vowels. A comparison with special reference to the learning problems met by native speakers of Finnish learning English. (Publications of University of Turku, 1965)."},{"key":"65490_CR63","unstructured":"Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.praat.org\/ (2013)."},{"key":"65490_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200203000-00002","volume":"19","author":"N Ille","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ille, N., Berg, P. & Scherg, M. Artifact correction of the ongoing EEG using spatial filters based on artifact and brain signal topographies. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 19, 113\u2013124 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65490-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65490-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65490-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T11:28:01Z","timestamp":1670326081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65490-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65490-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8646"}}