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We developed Drug Resistance Associated Genes database (DRAGdb), a manually curated repository of mutational data of drug resistance associated genes (DRAGs) across ESKAPE (i.e. <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>e, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> spp.) pathogens, and other bacteria with a special focus on <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB). Analysis of mutations in drug-resistant genes listed in DRAGdb suggested both homoplasy and pleiotropy to be associated with resistance. Homoplasy was observed in six genes namely <jats:italic>gidB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rpsL<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>. For these genes, drug resistance-associated mutations at codon level were conserved in MTB, ESKAPE and many other bacteria. Pleiotropy was exemplified by a single nucleotide mutation that was associated with resistance to amikacin, gentamycin, rifampicin and vancomycin in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. DRAGdb data also revealed that mutations in some genes such as pncA, <jats:italic>inhA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>katG<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>embA,B,C<\/jats:italic> were specific to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium species<\/jats:italic>. For <jats:italic>inhA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>, the mutations in the promoter region along with those in coding regions were associated with resistance to isoniazid and pyrazinamide respectively. In summary, the DRAGdb database is a compilation of all the major MTB drug resistance genes across bacterial species, which allows identification of homoplasy and pleiotropy phenomena of DRAGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65766-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T10:06:02Z","timestamp":1591092362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Survey of drug resistance associated gene mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ESKAPE and other bacterial species"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Abhirupa","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saran","family":"N.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"65766_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a027029","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","volume":"6","author":"Kevin M. 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