{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T07:23:34Z","timestamp":1780125814443,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is unclear to what extent cerebellar networks show long-term plasticity and accompanied changes in cortical structures. Using drumming as a demanding multimodal motor training, we compared cerebellar lobular volume and white matter microstructure, as well as cortical thickness of 15 healthy non-musicians before and after learning to drum, and 16 age matched novice control participants. After 8 weeks of group drumming instruction, 3 \u00d730\u2009minutes per week, we observed the cerebellum significantly changing its grey (volume increase of left VIIIa, relative decrease of VIIIb and vermis Crus I volume) and white matter microstructure in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. These plastic cerebellar changes were complemented by changes in cortical thickness (increase in left paracentral, right precuneus and right but not left superior frontal thickness), suggesting an interplay of cerebellar learning with cortical structures enabled through cerebellar pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65877-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T10:03:36Z","timestamp":1592820216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Drum training induces \u00a0long-term plasticity in the cerebellum and connected cortical thickness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Muriel M. K.","family":"Bruchhage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Amad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Seidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Luque","family":"Laguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth G.","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Dell\u2019Acqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C. R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"65877_CR1","unstructured":"Flourens, P. (1794-1867) A. du texte. Exp\u00e9riences sur le syst\u00e8me nerveux par P. Flourens, faisant suite aux \u2018Recherches exp\u00e9rimentales sur les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s et les fonctions du syst\u00e8me nerveux dans les animaux vert\u00e9br\u00e9s\u2019 du m\u00eame auteur. (1825)."},{"key":"65877_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440110110","volume":"11","author":"BJ Anderson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anderson, B. J. et al. Glial hypertrophy is associated with synaptogenesis following motor-skill learning, but not with angiogenesis following exercise. Glia 11, 73\u201380 (1994).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"65877_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.14.5568","volume":"87","author":"JE Black","year":"1990","unstructured":"Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5568\u20135572 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"65877_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1996.3742","volume":"67","author":"JA Kleim","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kleim, J. A. et al. Learning-dependent dendritic hypertrophy of cerebellar stellate cells: plasticity of local circuit neurons. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 67, 29\u201333 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"65877_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/35003194","volume":"403","author":"H Imamizu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Imamizu, H. et al. Human cerebellar activity reflecting an acquired internal model of a new tool. Nature 403, 192\u2013195 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65877_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/87419","volume":"4","author":"C Hansel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansel, C., Linden, D. J. & D\u2019Angelo, E. Beyond parallel fiber LTD: the diversity of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 467\u2013475 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhanpuri, N. H., Okamura, A. M. & Bastian, A. J. Predictive modeling by the cerebellum improves proprioception. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 33, 14301\u201314306 (2013).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0784-13.2013"},{"issue":"23","key":"65877_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs016","volume":"1991","author":"T Popa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popa, T. et al. Cerebellar processing of sensory inputs primes motor cortex plasticity. Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991(23), 305\u2013314 (2013).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N"},{"key":"65877_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.025","volume":"73","author":"Y Sagi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagi, Y. et al. Learning in the fast lane: new insights into neuroplasticity. Neuron 73, 1195\u20131203 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"65877_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taubert, M. et al. Dynamic properties of human brain structure: learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 30, 11670\u201311677 (2010).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010"},{"key":"65877_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081","volume":"73","author":"DK Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, D. K., Kn\u00f6sche, T. R. & Turner, R. White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of diffusion MRI. NeuroImage 73, 239\u2013254 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.12.006","volume":"7","author":"D Drijkoningen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drijkoningen, D. et al. Training-induced improvements in postural control are accompanied by alterations in cerebellar white matter in brain injured patients. NeuroImage Clin. 7, 240\u2013251 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"65877_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(90)90006-A","volume":"15","author":"R Lalonde","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lalonde, R. & Botez, M. I. The cerebellum and learning processes in animals. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 15, 325\u2013332 (1990).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"65877_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, R. M. & Strick, P. L. Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 23, 8432\u20138444 (2003).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003"},{"key":"65877_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habas, C. et al. Distinct cerebellar contributions to intrinsic connectivity networks. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 29, 8586\u20138594 (2009).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1868-09.2009"},{"issue":"19","key":"65877_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp135","volume":"1991","author":"FM Krienen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krienen, F. M. & Buckner, R. L. Segregated fronto-cerebellar circuits revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991(19), 2485\u20132497 (2009).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N"},{"issue":"20","key":"65877_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp157","volume":"1991","author":"JX O\u2019Reilly","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, J. X., Beckmann, C. F., Tomassini, V., Ramnani, N. & Johansen-Berg, H. Distinct and overlapping functional zones in the cerebellum defined by resting state functional connectivity. Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991(20), 953\u2013965 (2010).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N"},{"key":"65877_CR18","unstructured":"Ito, M. The Cerebellum: Brain for an Implicit Self. (FT Press, 2011)."},{"key":"65877_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1337905","volume":"34","author":"DL Rue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rue, D. L., Draper, S. E., Potter, S. B. & Smith, C. R. M. S. Energy expenditure in rock\/pop drumming. Int. J. Sports Med. 34, 868\u2013872 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"65877_CR20","first-page":"2010","volume":"27","author":"A Amad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amad, A. et al. Motor Learning Induces Plasticity in the Resting Brain\u2014Drumming Up a Connection. Cereb. Cortex 27, 2010\u20132021 (2017).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"65877_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naidich, T. P. et al. Duvernoy\u2019s Atlas of the Human Brain Stem and Cerebellum: High-Field MRI, Surface Anatomy, Internal Structure, Vascularization and 3 D Sectional Anatomy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-211-73971-6 (Springer-Verlag, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-73971-6"},{"key":"65877_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","volume":"46","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diedrichsen, J., Balsters, J. H., Flavell, J., Cussans, E. & Ramnani, N. A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum. NeuroImage 46, 39\u201346 (2009).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201001591","volume":"44","author":"ER Sowell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sowell, E. R., Trauner, D. A., Gamst, A. & Jernigan, T. L. Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 44, 4\u201316 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"65877_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale, A. M., Fischl, B. & Sereno, M. I. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage 9, 179\u2013194 (1999).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396","volume":"9","author":"B Fischl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I. & Dale, A. M. Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. NeuroImage 9, 195\u2013207 (1999).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"14","key":"65877_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","volume":"1991","author":"B Fischl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischl, B. et al. Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991(14), 11\u201322 (2004).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N"},{"key":"65877_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","volume":"97","author":"B Fischl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fischl, B. & Dale, A. M. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11050\u201311055 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"65877_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.046","volume":"30","author":"J Jovicich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jovicich, J. et al. Reliability in multi-site structural MRI studies: effects of gradient non-linearity correction on phantom and human data. NeuroImage 30, 436\u2013443 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032","volume":"22","author":"F S\u00e9gonne","year":"2004","unstructured":"S\u00e9gonne, F. et al. A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. NeuroImage 22, 1060\u20131075 (2004).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR30","unstructured":"Leemans, A. et al. ExploreDTI: a graphical toolbox for processing, analyzing, and visualizing diffusion MR data. (2009)."},{"key":"65877_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21890","volume":"61","author":"A Leemans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leemans, A. & Jones, D. K. The B-matrix must be rotated when correcting for subject motion in DTI data. Magn. Reson. Med. 61, 1336\u20131349 (2009).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"65877_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20283","volume":"52","author":"DK Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jones, D. K. & Basser, P. J. \u2018Squashing peanuts and smashing pumpkins\u2019: how noise distorts diffusion-weighted MR data. Magn. Reson. Med. 52, 979\u2013993 (2004).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"65877_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200010)44:4<625::AID-MRM17>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"44","author":"PJ Basser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Basser, P. J., Pajevic, S., Pierpaoli, C., Duda, J. & Aldroubi, A. In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn. Reson. Med. 44, 625\u2013632 (2000).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"65877_CR34","unstructured":"Wang, R. P. & Wedeen, V. J. Diffusion Toolkit and TrackVis. Proc. Intl. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. (2007)."},{"key":"65877_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.041","volume":"41","author":"M Catani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Catani, M. et al. Altered cerebellar feedback projections in Asperger syndrome. NeuroImage 41, 1184\u20131191 (2008).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0503-x","volume":"12","author":"F Dell\u2019Acqua","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Acqua, F., Bodi, I., Slater, D., Catani, M. & Modo, M. MR diffusion histology and micro-tractography reveal mesoscale features of the human cerebellum. Cerebellum Lond. Engl. 12, 923\u2013931 (2013).","journal-title":"Cerebellum Lond. Engl."},{"key":"65877_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200304150-00010","volume":"14","author":"S Koelsch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koelsch, S., Maess, B., Grossmann, T. & Friederici, A. D. Electric brain responses reveal gender differences in music processing. Neuroreport 14, 709\u2013713 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"65877_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.01.002","volume":"27","author":"R Llorente","year":"2009","unstructured":"Llorente, R. et al. Early maternal deprivation in rats induces gender-dependent effects on developing hippocampal and cerebellar cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. Off. J. Int. Soc. Dev. Neurosci. 27, 233\u2013241 (2009).","journal-title":"Off. J. Int. Soc. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1953","volume":"7","author":"N Ramnani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramnani, N. The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 511\u2013522 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039","volume":"44","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stoodley, C. J. & Schmahmann, J. D. Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage 44, 489\u2013501 (2009).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.008","volume":"117","author":"MC Riedel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riedel, M. C. et al. Meta-analytic connectivity and behavioral parcellation of the human cerebellum. NeuroImage 117, 327\u2013342 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.030","volume":"73","author":"JD Townsend","year":"2013","unstructured":"Townsend, J. D. et al. Frontal-amygdala connectivity alterations during emotion downregulation in bipolar I disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 73, 127\u2013135 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"65877_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","volume":"129","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cavanna, A. E. & Trimble, M. R. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129, 564\u2013583 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"65877_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00287-8","volume":"20","author":"H Platel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Platel, H., Baron, J.-C., Desgranges, B., Bernard, F. & Eustache, F. Semantic and episodic memory of music are subserved by distinct neural networks. NeuroImage 20, 244\u2013256 (2003).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575","volume":"10","author":"E Bullmore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bullmore, E. & Sporns, O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186\u2013198 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR46","first-page":"105","volume":"59","author":"R Wiesendanger","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wiesendanger, R. & Wiesendanger, M. Cerebello-cortical linkage in the monkey as revealed by transcellular labeling with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to the marker horseradish peroxidase. Exp. Brain Res. 59, 105\u2013117 (1985).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"65877_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu115","volume":"137","author":"NH Bhanpuri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhanpuri, N. H., Okamura, A. M. & Bastian, A. J. Predicting and correcting ataxia using a model of cerebellar function. Brain J. Neurol. 137, 1931\u20131944 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"65877_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl244","volume":"129","author":"F du Boisgueheneuc","year":"2006","unstructured":"du Boisgueheneuc, F. et al. Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study. Brain J. Neurol. 129, 3315\u20133328 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"65877_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20018","volume":"20","author":"JL Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, J. L., Penhune, V. B. & Zatorre, R. J. Moving on time: brain network for auditory-motor synchronization is modulated by rhythm complexity and musical training. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 226\u2013239 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.3.1313","volume":"77","author":"M Jueptner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jueptner, M. et al. Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 1313\u20131324 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"65877_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.022","volume":"124","author":"JA Bernard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernard, J. A., Orr, J. M. & Mittal, V. A. Differential motor and prefrontal cerebello-cortical network development: Evidence from multimodal neuroimaging. NeuroImage 124, 591\u2013601 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"65877_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563149","volume":"10","author":"VB Penhune","year":"1998","unstructured":"Penhune, V. B., Zattore, R. J. & Evans, A. C. Cerebellar contributions to motor timing: a PET study of auditory and visual rhythm reproduction. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 10, 752\u2013765 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20028","volume":"22","author":"B Haslinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haslinger, B. et al. Reduced recruitment of motor association areas during bimanual coordination in concert pianists. Hum. Brain Mapp. 22, 206\u2013215 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"65877_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902970309","volume":"297","author":"I Kostovic","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kostovic, I. & Rakic, P. Developmental history of the transient subplate zone in the visual and somatosensory cortex of the macaque monkey and human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 297, 441\u2013470 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"65877_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0652-1","volume":"14","author":"Y Leitner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leitner, Y., Travis, K. E., Ben-Shachar, M., Yeom, K. W. & Feldman, H. M. Tract profiles of the cerebellar white matter pathways in children and adolescents. Cerebellum Lond. Engl. 14, 613\u2013623 (2015).","journal-title":"Cerebellum Lond. Engl."},{"key":"65877_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riddle, C. N., Edgley, S. A. & Baker, S. N. Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 29, 4993\u20134999 (2009).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3720-08.2009"},{"key":"65877_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1646","volume":"6","author":"R Apps","year":"2005","unstructured":"Apps, R. & Garwicz, M. Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebellar information processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 297\u2013311 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65877_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spencer, R. M. C. & Ivry, R. B. Cerebellum and Timing. in Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders (eds. Manto, M., Schmahmann, J. D., Rossi, F., Gruol, D. L. & Koibuchi, N.) 1201\u20131219 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-1333-8_52 (Springer Netherlands, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1333-8_52"},{"key":"65877_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05739.x","volume":"930","author":"G Schlaug","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schlaug, G. The brain of musicians. A model for functional and structural adaptation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 930, 281\u2013299 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65877-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65877-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65877-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T12:41:39Z","timestamp":1670330499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-65877-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65877-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10116"}}