{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:19:47Z","timestamp":1787498387102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Soft tissue injury screening faces two main diagnostic challenges. One is the perceptual bias of the athlete in terms of referred pain and second injury assessment tools are not only in need of highly specialized personal but they are also financially demanding. Since ankle sprains is one of the leading soft tissue injuries, the current study was set to examine the suitability of functional infrared thermal imaging (fITI) in evaluating physiological alteration on the ankle as a result of exercise or injury. The current study consists of a case report of a patient with an ankle sprain and the behavior of temperature after a series of physiotherapy sessions. Moreover to strengthen the communication of the report, results from a healthy population sample were added to draw a deeper understanding on physiological temperature manifestations on soft tissue. Twenty participants underwent a 30-minute treadmill run with pictures of their ankles being taken during rest and after exercise. In addition the case of a patient is reported that has suffered an ankle sprain followed for a period of over a month. It was observed that the temperature of the ankles of participants that underwent physical exercise rose on average by 2.4\u2009\u00b0C after taking into account both the medial and lateral sides of the both ankles. In addition the patient\u2019s left ankle appeared to be 2.5\u2009\u00b0C above the temperature of the non-affected right ankle. This phenomenon of unilateral hyperthermia of the left injured side seems to start to dissipate by the 21\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    day following the injury, completely resolving by the 42\n                    <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                    day achieving bilateral isothermia in both ankles. Thermal imaging provides a reliable tool for the screening of soft tissue strain and injury. The current study further expands the literature on soft tissue screening with the use of thermal imaging, adding a quantifiable way for assessing the extend of tissue damage. The implemented method of analyses offers a suggested simple way not only in visualizing trauma but also physical strain. Nevertheless further investigations with a variety in the severity of ankle sprains need to be applied in order for thermal imaging to be used as a first line tool for the assessment and recovery of ankle sprains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66397-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T06:02:46Z","timestamp":1591682566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functional Infrared Thermal Imaging: A Contemporary Tool in Soft Tissue Screening"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stephanos","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"66397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg009","volume":"43","author":"EFJ Ring","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ring, E. F. J. The historical development of thermal imaging in medicine. Rheumatology. 43, 800\u2013802, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg009 (2004).","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"66397_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","volume":"33","author":"EFJ Ring","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ring, E. F. J. & Ammer, K. Infrared thermal imaging in medicine. Physiol. Meas. 33, R33\u2013R46, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33 (2012).","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"66397_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.011312","volume":"38","author":"A Scott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scott, A., Khan, K., Roberts, C., Cook, J. & Duronio, V. What do we mean by the term \u201cinflammation\u201d? A contemporary basic science update for sports medicine. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 372\u2013380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2004.011312 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"66397_CR4","unstructured":"Walsh, W. M. & Helzer-Julin, M. Clinical methods of measuring inflammation in Sports-induced Inflammation (ed. Leadbetter, B., Buckwalter, J. A. & Gordon S. L.)155\u2013160 (Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,1990)."},{"key":"66397_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199009030-00001","volume":"9","author":"LC Almekinders","year":"1990","unstructured":"Almekinders, L. C. The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of ligament injuries. Sports Med. 9, 137\u201342, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199009030-00001 (1990).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"66397_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1985.11708772","volume":"13","author":"PH Goodman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goodman, P. H., Heaslet, M. W., Pagliano, J. W. & Rubin, B. D. Stress fracture diagnosis by computerassisted thermography. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 13, 114\u2013132 (1985).","journal-title":"The Physician and Sportsmedicine."},{"key":"66397_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.09.007","volume":"40","author":"DR Sanz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanz, D. R. et al. Thermography related electromyography in runners with functional equinus condition after running. Physical Therapy in Sport. 40, 193\u2013196, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.09.007 (2019).","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport."},{"key":"66397_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14966","volume":"32","author":"DR Sanz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanz, D. R. et al. Skin temperature in youth soccer players with functional equinus and non-equinus condition after running. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 32, 2020\u20132024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.14966 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"66397_CR9","unstructured":"Ben Eliyahu, D. J. Thermal imaging of sports injuries. Conservative Management of Sports Injuries 643\u2013657 (Williams & Wilkins, 1997)."},{"key":"66397_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, M. & Guillot, Y. Recent advances in medical thermology in Thermography and Muscular Injuries in Sports Medicine. (ed. M. Schmitt, M. & Guillot, Y.) 439\u2013445 (Plenum Press, 1984).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7697-2_61"},{"key":"66397_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.04.014","volume":"76","author":"J Oliveira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oliveira, J., Vardasca, R., Pimenta, M., Gabriel, J. & Torres, J. Use of infrared thermography for the diagnosis and grading of sprained ankle injuries. Infrared Physics & Technology 76, 530\u2013541, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.04.014 (2016).","journal-title":"Infrared Physics & Technology"},{"key":"66397_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3388","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3388","volume":"25","author":"D Rodriguez-Sanz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Sanz, D. et al. Infrared thermography applied to lower limb muscles in elite soccer players with functional ankle equinus and non-equinus condition. Peer J. 25, e3388, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3388 (2017).","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"66397_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2008.01.003","volume":"57","author":"MB Sanchez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanchez, M. B. et al. Use of a portable thermal imaging unit as a rapid, quantitative method of evaluating inflammation and experimental arthritis. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 57, 169\u2013175, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vascn.2008.01.003 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods."},{"key":"66397_CR14","first-page":"73","volume":"19","author":"C Hildebrandt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, C. & Raschner, C. An intra-examiner reliability study of knee temperature patterns with medical infrared thermal imaging. Thermol. Int. 19, 73\u20136 (2009).","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"66397_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R10","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2360","volume":"10","author":"SJ Spalding","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spalding, S. J. et al. Three-dimensional and thermal surface imaging produces reliable measures of joint shape and temperature: a potential tool for quantifying arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 10, R10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar2360 (2008).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"66397_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.9.852","volume":"61","author":"H Warashina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warashina, H. et al. Clinical, radiographic, and thermographic assessment of osteoarthritis in the knee joints. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61, 852\u20134, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.9.852 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"66397_CR17","first-page":"5","volume":"7","author":"H Mayr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mayr, H. Thermografische Befunde bei Schmerzen am Ellbogen Thermol. O\u00a8 sterr. 7, 5\u201310 (1997).","journal-title":"O\u00a8 sterr."},{"key":"66397_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508318045","volume":"36","author":"K Meknas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meknas, K., Miland, O. A., Mercer, J. B., Castillejo, M. & Johansen, O. Radiofrequency microtenotomy: a promising method for treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am. J. Sports Med. 36, 1960\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546508318045 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"66397_CR19","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"WA Sands","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sands, W. A., McNeal, J. R. & Stone, M. H. Thermal Imaging and Gymnastics Injuries: a Means of Screening and Injury Identification. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 3, 5\u201312 (2011).","journal-title":"Science of Gymnastics Journal."},{"key":"66397_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500309","volume":"15","author":"R Pochaczevsky","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pochaczevsky, R. Thermography in posttraumatic pain. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 15, 243\u2013250, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658701500309 (1987).","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine."},{"key":"66397_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e31825828da","volume":"6","author":"WB Hobbins","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hobbins, W. B. & Ammer, K. Controversy: why is a paretic limb cold, high activity of the sympathetic nerve system or weakness of the muscles? Thermol. O\u00a8 sterr. 6, 42\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HCR.0b013e31825828da (1996).","journal-title":"Thermol. O\u00a8 sterr."},{"key":"66397_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-018-7311-y","volume":"134","author":"Z Drzazga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drzazga, Z., Binek, M., Pokora, I. & Sadowska-Krepa, E. A preliminary study on infrared thermal imaging of cross-country skiers and swimmers subjected to endurance exercise. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 134, 701\u2013710, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10973-018-7311-y (2018).","journal-title":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry."},{"key":"66397_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101632","volume":"8","author":"M Benito-de-Pedro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benito-de-Pedro, M. et al. Effectiveness between Dry Needling and Ischemic Compression in the Triceps Surae Latent Myofascial Trigger Points of Triathletes on Pressure Pain Threshold and Thermography: A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8, 1632, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8101632 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine."},{"key":"66397_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0718-x","volume":"41","author":"D Formenti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Formenti, D. et al. Thermal imaging of exercise-associated skin temperature changes in trained and untrained female subjects. Ann Biomed Eng. 41, 863\u201371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-012-0718-x (2013).","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"66397_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riley DS, et al. CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. J Clin Epidemiol. 18, S0895-4356(17)30037-9, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026"},{"key":"66397_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijk, C. N. How Evidence-based is our Clinical Examination of the Ankle? In Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ed. MacAuley, D. & Best, M. T) (2nd Ed.) 511\u2013518. (Blackwell publishing, 2007).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988732.ch26"},{"key":"66397_CR27","first-page":"93","volume":"63","author":"MW Wolfe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wolfe, M. W., Uhl, T. L., Mattacola, C. G. & McCluskey, L. C. Management of ankle sprains. Am Fam Physic. 63, 93\u2013104 (2001).","journal-title":"Am Fam Physic."},{"key":"66397_CR28","unstructured":"Melanson, S. W. & Shuman V. L. Acute Ankle Sprain. StatPearls [Internet], https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459212\/ (2020)"},{"key":"66397_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","volume":"14","author":"KS Button","year":"2013","unstructured":"Button, K. S. et al. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 365\u2013376, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3475 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"66397_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 39, 175\u201391, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146 (2007).","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods."},{"key":"66397_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00305","volume":"2","author":"I Pavlidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavlidis, I. et al. Fast by Nature - How Stress Patterns Define Human Experience and Performance in Dexterous Tasks. Scientific Reports. 2, 1\u20139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep00305 (2012).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports."},{"key":"66397_CR32","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). (Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers 1988)."},{"key":"66397_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.21611\/qirt.2014.062","volume":"655","author":"G Tanda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanda, G. Skin temperature measurements by infrared thermography during running exercise. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 655, 103\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21611\/qirt.2014.062 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series."},{"key":"66397_CR34","first-page":"1725","volume":"2","author":"C Puri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Puri, C., Olson, L., Pavlidis, I., Levine, J. & Starren, J. Stress-cam: Non-contact measurement of users\u2019 emotional states through thermal imaging. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2, 1725\u20131728 (2005).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-66397-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-66397-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-66397-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T01:01:48Z","timestamp":1696208508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-66397-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["66397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66397-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9303"}}