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Thus, MAIT cells are of interest in HIV\/SIV vaccination and infection. We investigated MAIT cell dynamics and function in rhesus macaque blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following mucosal adenovirus (Ad)-SIV recombinant priming, intramuscular SIV envelope boosting and infection following repeated low-dose intravaginal SIV exposures. Increased frequencies of blood MAIT cells over the course of vaccination were observed, which were maintained even 12-weeks post-SIV infection. BAL MAIT cells only increased after the first Ad immunization. Vaccination increased MAIT cell levels in blood and BAL expressing the antiviral cytokine IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 and the proliferation marker Ki67. Upon T cell-specific \u03b1-CD3, \u03b1-CD28 stimulation, MAIT cells showed a greater capacity to secrete cytokines\/chemokines associated with help for B cell activation, migration and regulation compared to CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>MR1<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>cells. Culture of MAIT cell supernatants with B cells led to greater tissue like memory B cell frequencies. MAIT cell frequencies in blood and BAL correlated with SIV-specific antibody levels in rectal secretions and with SIV-specific tissue resident memory B cells. Overall, SIV vaccination influenced MAIT cell frequency and functionality. The potential for MAIT cells to provide help to B cells was evident during both vaccination and infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66964-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T10:03:36Z","timestamp":1592820216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells provide B-cell help in vaccinated and subsequently SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Arif","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gospel","family":"Enyindah-Asonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hunegnaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Helmold Hait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher James","family":"Hogge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Venzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Robert-Guroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"66964_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12057","volume":"96","author":"L Kjer-Nielsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kjer-Nielsen, L. et al. 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