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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) provides neuroprotection against the experimental optic nerve injuries but also induce leukocytosis upon typical administration. We found synergetic neuroprotective effects of meloxicam and low dose G-CSF without leukocytosis in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). The WBC counts in the low-dose G-CSF-plus meloxicam-treated group were similar to the sham-operated group. Combination treatment of low-dose G-CSF plus meloxicam preserved RGCs survival and visual function, reduced RGC apoptosis and the macrophages infiltration, and promote more M2 phenotype of macrophage\/microglial transition than the low-dose GCSF treatment or the meloxicam treatment. Moreover, the combination treatment induced higher serine\/threonine kinase 1 (Akt1) expression. The combination treatment of low-dose G-CSF plus meloxicam lessened the leukocytotic side effect and provided neuroprotective effects via Akt1 activation in the rAION model. This approach provides crucial preclinical information for the development of alternative therapy in AION.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66977-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T10:03:02Z","timestamp":1593079382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neuroprotective effects of low-dose G-CSF plus meloxicam in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pei-Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Tseng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishan","family":"Kapupara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghong","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Kung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"66977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199403000-00011","volume":"14","author":"LN Johnson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson, L. 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