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However, its factor structure exhibits noticeable inconsistencies between studies. We examined the EPDS at two postpartum time points using a large dataset from outside Western countries. Participants were 91,063 mothers in an ongoing birth cohort of the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study. One-, two-, and three-factor structures of the EPDS at 1- and 6-months postpartum were extracted using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with oblique rotation. Goodness-of-fit indices of extracted factor structures were compared with prior ones by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). CFA revealed that a three-factor model extracted from the current EFA\u2014anxiety (items 3, 4, 5, and 6), depression (items 7, 9, and 10), and anhedonia (items 1 and 2)\u2014showed acceptably high goodness-of-fit and invariability across time. These three factors explained about 65% of the total variance with good reliability (all Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1s\u2009\u2265\u20090.70). Most three-factor structures (vs. two-) showed higher goodness-of-fit indices. In conclusion, although we only examined the postpartum period, the EPDS likely comprises three dimensions: anxiety, depression, and anhedonia. Our findings raise questions about the one- or two-factor structure of the EPDS.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial registration<\/jats:bold>: UMIN000030786.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67321-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T10:04:02Z","timestamp":1594807442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kenta","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Hamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Kasamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidekuni","family":"Inadera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS) Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Kamijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Ohya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Yaegashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zentaro","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Iso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youichi","family":"Kurozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narufumi","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kusuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Katoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"67321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","volume":"150","author":"JL Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox, J. 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