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However, peritoneal dialysis often results in peritoneal fibrosis and organ adhesion that subsequently compromise the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis and normal functions of visceral organs. Despite rodent models provide clues on the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis, no current large animal model which shares high degree of physiological and anatomical similarities to human is available, limiting their applications on the evaluation of pre-clinical therapeutic efficacy. Here we established for the first time, hypochlorite-induced porcine model of peritoneal fibrosis in 5-week-old piglets. We showed that administration 15\u201330\u00a0mM hypochlorite, a dose- and time-dependent severity of peritoneal fibrosis characterized by mesothelium fragmentation, \u03b1SMA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> myofibroblasts accumulation, organ surface thickening and type I collagen deposition were observed. We also demonstrated in vitro using human mesothelial cells that hypochlorite-induced fibrosis was likely due to necrosis, but not programmed apoptosis; besides, overexpression of IL1\u03b2, CX3CL1 and TGF\u03b2 on the peritoneal mesothelium in current model was detected, similar to observations from peritoneal dialysis-induced peritoneal fibrosis in human patients and earlier reported mouse model. Moreover, our novel antemortem evaluation using laparoscopy provided instant feedback on the progression of organ fibrosis\/adhesion which allows immediate adjustments on treatment protocols and strategies in alive individuals that can not and never be performed in other animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68495-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T10:04:30Z","timestamp":1594634670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hypochlorite-induced porcine model of peritoneal fibrosis through the activation of IL1\u03b2-CX3CL1-TGF\u03b21 signal axis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ho","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yuan","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Syuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuei-Liong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Yi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Jane","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Shiue","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"68495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.51","volume":"79","author":"FC Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang, F. 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