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In experimental models, dry eye disease is associated with T helper cell 17-mediated inflammation of the ocular surface that may cause persistent damage to the corneal epithelium. However, the initiating and perpetuating factors associated with chronic inflammation of the ocular surface remain unclear. The ocular microbiota alters ocular surface inflammation and may influence dry eye disease development and progression. Here, we collected serial samples of tears on awakening from sleep, closed eye tears, during a randomized clinical trial of a non-pharmaceutical dry eye therapy and used 16S rRNA metabarcoding to characterize the microbiome. We show the closed dry eye microbiome is distinct from the healthy closed eye microbiome, and that the microbiome remains distinct despite daily saline eye wash upon awakening. The ocular microbiome was described only recently, and this report implicates a distinct microbiome in ocular disease development. Our findings suggest an interplay between microbial commensals and inflammation on the ocular surface. This information may inform future studies of the pathophysiological mechanisms of dry eye disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68952-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1595311372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The closed eye harbours a unique microbiome in dry eye disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kent A.","family":"Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron K.","family":"Postnikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rezonzew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Gaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charitharth V.","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"68952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","volume":"182","author":"KF Farrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrand, K. 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The original randomized clinical trial was supported in part by Allergan, plc. (Dublin, Ireland). However, this study was an independent work supported by additional funding sources acknowledged above and no member of Allergan, plc. was involved in performance of this study, analysis of the resulting data, preparation of the manuscript or the decision to publish. These endeavours were solely the work of the authors. CKP is currently an employee of CooperVision, Inc. (Pleasanton, CA, USA), which was not involved in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing financial interests"}}],"article-number":"12035"}}