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Therefore, this study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of CQ-free and CQ-incorporated polylactic acid nanoparticles (NPs) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with\u00a0type 1<jats:italic>Diabetes mellitus<\/jats:italic>(T1DM). In total, 25 normoglycemic individuals and 25 patients with T1DM aged 10\u201316\u00a0years were selected and glycemic controls evaluated. After cell viability assessed by MTT assay, T1DM PBMCs were subjected to a CQ concentration of 10 \u00b5M in three different conditions: not treated (NT), treated with CQ, and treated with CQ NPs. The cells were incubated for 48\u00a0h, and the mRNA expressions of cytokines<jats:italic>IL1B, IFNG, TNFA, IL12,<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>were determined by relative quantification through real-time PCR at 24\u00a0h intervals.<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>expression decreased in CQ and CQ NP-treated cells after 48\u00a0h (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 24\u00a0h (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) of treatment, respectively.<jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>IL12<\/jats:italic>expressions significantly decreased (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in cells treated with CQ and CQ NPs at 24 and 48\u00a0h compared to NT.<jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>expressions significantly decreased after 48\u00a0h (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 24\u00a0h (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.002), respectively, by both CQ and CQ NPs treatment. Despite being a preliminary in vitro study, CQ has anti-inflammatory activity in the primary cells of T1DM patients and could represent an alternative and adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy to prevent diabetes complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69001-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1595325772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chloroquine as a promising adjuvant therapy for type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Renato Ferreira","family":"de Almeida J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla Simone Costa","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ony Araujo","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arn\u00f3bio Ant\u00f4nio","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Fernando","family":"Arrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula Renata Lima","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kleber Juvenal Silva","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Augusto","family":"de Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"69001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-Sint","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 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