{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T07:30:26Z","timestamp":1777188626863,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, University of Warwick"},{"name":"Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm birth is the leading cause of death worldwide in children under five years. Due to its complex multifactorial nature, prediction is a challenge. Current research is aiming to develop accurate predictive models using patient history, ultrasound and biochemical markers. Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis is an approach, which has good diagnostic potential to predict many disease states. Analysis of VOCs can reflect both the microbiome and host response to a condition. We aimed to ascertain if VOC analysis of vaginal swabs, taken throughout pregnancy, could predict which women go on to deliver preterm. Our prospective observational cohort study demonstrates that VOC analysis of vaginal swabs, taken in the midtrimester, is a fair test (AUC 0.79) for preterm prediction, with a sensitivity of 0.66 (95%CI 0.56\u20130.75) and specificity 0.89 (95%CI 0.82\u20130.94). Using vaginal swabs taken closest to delivery, VOC analysis is a good test (AUC 0.84) for the prediction of preterm birth with a sensitivity of 0.73 (95%CI 0.64\u20130.81) and specificity of 0.90 (95%CI 0.82\u20130.95). Consequently, VOC analysis of vaginal swabs has potential to be used as a predictive tool. With further work it could be considered as an additional component in models for predicting preterm birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69142-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T10:04:54Z","timestamp":1595412294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Volatile organic compound analysis, a new tool in the quest for preterm birth prediction\u2014an observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Lacey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Daulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfian","family":"Wicaksono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Covington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Quenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"69142_CR1","unstructured":"1World Health Organisation. Preterm Birth Fact sheet (2017)."},{"key":"69142_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D. & Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371, 75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60074-4 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"69142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","volume":"345","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero, R., Dey, S. K. & Fisher, S. J. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 345, 760\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251816 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"69142_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020796","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020796","volume":"8","author":"SJ Stock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stock, S. J. et al. Quantitative fibronectin to help decision-making in women with symptoms of preterm labour (QUIDS) part 1: individual participant data meta-analysis and health economic analysis. BMJ Open 8, e020796\u2013e020796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020796 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"69142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.08.002","volume":"41","author":"M Son","year":"2017","unstructured":"Son, M. & Miller, E. S. Predicting preterm birth: cervical length and fetal fibronectin. Semin. Perinatol. 41, 445\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.08.002 (2017).","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"69142_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.1373","volume":"317","author":"MS Esplin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esplin, M. S. et al. Predictive accuracy of serial transvaginal cervical lengths and quantitative vaginal fetal fibronectin levels for spontaneous preterm birth among nulliparous women. JAMA 317, 1047\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.1373 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"480","key":"69142_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.05.020","volume":"215","author":"BI Vandermolen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandermolen, B. I. et al. Quantitative fetal fibronectin and cervical length to predict preterm birth in asymptomatic women with previous cervical surgery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 215(480), e481-480.e410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.05.020 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"69142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12907","volume":"95","author":"S Jwala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jwala, S. et al. Evaluation of additive effect of quantitative fetal fibronectin to cervical length for prediction of spontaneous preterm birth among asymptomatic low-risk women. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 95, 948\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12907 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"69142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002746","volume":"16","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A. et al. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy (ACT) and size at birth: a population-based analysis using the Finnish Medical Birth Register. PLoS Med. 16, e1002746\u2013e1002746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002746 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"69142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3937","volume":"323","author":"K R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen, K., Gissler, M. & Kajantie, E. Associations between maternal antenatal corticosteroid treatment and mental and behavioral disorders in children. JAMA 323, 1924\u20131933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3937 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"69142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00566","volume":"6","author":"RF Lamont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lamont, R. F. Advances in the prevention of infection-related preterm birth. Front. Immunol. 6, 566\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00566 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"69142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31617-9","volume":"392","author":"D Subtil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subtil, D. et al. Early clindamycin for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy (PREMEVA): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 392, 2171\u20132179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31617-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"69142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000262.pub4","author":"P Brocklehurst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brocklehurst, P., Gordon, A., Heatley, E. & Milan, S. J. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000262.pub4 (2013).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"69142_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0999-x","volume":"16","author":"RG Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown, R. G. et al. Vaginal dysbiosis increases risk of preterm fetal membrane rupture, neonatal sepsis and is exacerbated by erythromycin. BMC Med. 16, 9\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-017-0999-x (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"69142_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2018.12.005","volume":"207","author":"RG Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown, R. G. et al. Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes. Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 207, 30\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2018.12.005 (2019).","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"69142_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166794","volume":"11","author":"T Paramel Jayaprakash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paramel Jayaprakash, T. et al. High diversity and variability in the vaginal microbiome in women following preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): a prospective cohort study. PLoS One 11, e0166794\u2013e0166794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166794 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"69142_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","volume":"112","author":"DB DiGiulio","year":"2015","unstructured":"DiGiulio, D. B. et al. Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 11060\u201311065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1502875112 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"69142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350ra102","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1026","volume":"8","author":"LM Kindinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kindinger, L. M. et al. Relationship between vaginal microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, and pregnancy outcomes in cervical cerclage. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 350ra102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1026 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"69142_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.02.008","volume":"160","author":"RJ Hickey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hickey, R. J., Zhou, X., Pierson, J. D., Ravel, J. & Forney, L. J. Understanding vaginal microbiome complexity from an ecological perspective. Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 160, 267\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.02.008 (2012).","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"69142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1086\/313818","volume":"30","author":"DA Eschenbach","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eschenbach, D. A. et al. Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microflora. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 901\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/313818 (2000).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"69142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.010","volume":"32","author":"RM Brotman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brotman, R. M., Ravel, J., Bavoil, P. M., Gravitt, P. E. & Ghanem, K. G. Microbiome, sex hormones, and immune responses in the reproductive tract: challenges for vaccine development against sexually transmitted infections. Vaccine 32, 1543\u20131552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.010 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"69142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-011-9694-6","volume":"29","author":"RW Hyman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hyman, R. W. et al. The dynamics of the vaginal microbiome during infertility therapy with in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 29, 105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-011-9694-6 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"69142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-12-22","volume":"12","author":"YF Kazi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kazi, Y. F., Saleem, S. & Kazi, N. Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan. BMC Urol. 12, 22\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2490-12-22 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"69142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132ra152","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","volume":"4","author":"P Gajer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gajer, P. et al. Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 132ra152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"69142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1086\/315065","volume":"180","author":"JR Schwebke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schwebke, J. R., Richey, C. M. & Weiss, H. L. Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 1632\u20131636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/315065 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"69142_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.040592","volume":"86","author":"RM Brotman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brotman, R. M., Ravel, J., Cone, R. A. & Zenilman, J. M. Rapid fluctuation of the vaginal microbiota measured by Gram stain analysis. Sex. Transm. Infect. 86, 297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.2009.040592 (2010).","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"69142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182802b26","volume":"19","author":"RP Arasaradnam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arasaradnam, R. P. et al. A novel tool for noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 19, 999\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182802b26 (2013).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"69142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.10.013","volume":"48","author":"RP Arasaradnam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arasaradnam, R. P. et al. Non-invasive exhaled volatile organic biomarker analysis to detect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dig. Liver Dis. 48, 148\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2015.10.013 (2016).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"69142_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016006","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa6f1d","volume":"12","author":"N van Gaal","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Gaal, N. et al. Faecal volatile organic compounds analysis using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry: non-invasive diagnostics in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J. Breath Res. 12, 016006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa6f1d (2017).","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"69142_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108750","volume":"9","author":"RP Arasaradnam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arasaradnam, R. P. et al. Detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) by urinary volatile organic compound analysis. PLoS ONE 9, e108750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108750 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"69142_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.054","volume":"154","author":"RP Arasaradnam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arasaradnam, R. P. et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of pancreatic cancer through detection of volatile organic compounds in urine. Gastroenterology 154, 485-487.e481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.054 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"69142_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy383","volume":"68","author":"BJ van Keulen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Keulen, B. J. et al. Late-onset sepsis in preterm infants can be detected preclinically by fecal volatile organic compound analysis: a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 68, 70\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy383 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"69142_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8040121","author":"S Esfahani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esfahani, S., Wicaksono, A., Mozdiak, E., Arasaradnam, P. R. & Covington, A. J. Non-invasive diagnosis of diabetes by volatile organic compounds in urine using FAIMS and Fox4000 electronic nose. Biosensors https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios8040121 (2018).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"69142_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271694","volume":"595","author":"SB Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, S. B. & Ravel, J. The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology. J. Physiol. 595, 451\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP271694 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"69142_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.50.9.790","volume":"50","author":"S Chandiok","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chandiok, S. et al. Screening for bacterial vaginosis: a novel application of artificial nose technology. J. Clin. Pathol. 50, 790\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.50.9.790 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"69142_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203321156881","volume":"14","author":"P Hay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hay, P., Tummon, A., Ogunfile, M., Adebiyi, A. & Adefowora, A. Evaluation of a novel diagnostic test for bacterial vaginosis: \u201cthe electronic nose\u201d. Int. J. STD AIDS 14, 114\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/095646203321156881 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"69142_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.1039\/c5an00868a","volume":"140","author":"JA Covington","year":"2015","unstructured":"Covington, J. A. et al. The application of FAIMS gas analysis in medical diagnostics. Analyst 140, 6775\u20136781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c5an00868a (2015).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"69142_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3613-x","volume":"292","author":"T Blankenstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blankenstein, T. et al. Point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) using VGTest\u2122 ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in a routine ambulatory care gynecology clinic. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 292, 355\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-014-3613-x (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"69142_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100018","author":"L Story","year":"2019","unstructured":"Story, L. et al. Reducing the impact of preterm birth: preterm birth commissioning in the united kingdom. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100018 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X"},{"key":"69142_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20401","author":"HA Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson, H. A. et al. Development and validation of the predictive models for the QUiPP App vol 2: a tool for predicting preterm birth in high-risk asymptomatic women. Ultrasou. Obstet. Gynecol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.20401 (2019).","journal-title":"Ultrasou. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"69142_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13115","volume":"122","author":"SS Witkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Witkin, S. S. The vaginal microbiome, vaginal anti-microbial defence mechanisms and the clinical challenge of reducing infection-related preterm birth. BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 122, 213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13115 (2015).","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"69142_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.12.022","volume":"236","author":"A Matei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matei, A., Saccone, G., Vogel, J. P. & Armson, A. B. Primary and secondary prevention of preterm birth: a review of systematic reviews and ongoing randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 236, 224\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.12.022 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"69142_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012505.pub2","author":"N Medley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Medley, N., Vogel, J. P., Care, A. & Alfirevic, Z. Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012505.pub2 (2018).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"69142_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008991","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008991.pub3","volume":"6","author":"Z Alfirevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alfirevic, Z., Stampalija, T. & Medley, N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6, CD008991\u2013CD008991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008991.pub3 (2017).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"69142_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16352-y","volume":"7","author":"MM Haque","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haque, M. M., Merchant, M., Kumar, P. N., Dutta, A. & Mande, S. S. First-trimester vaginal microbiome diversity: a potential indicator of preterm delivery risk. Sci. Rep. 7, 16145\u201316145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16352-y (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"69142_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9020069","author":"DM Rouvroye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rouvroye, D. M. et al. Faecal scent as a novel non-invasive biomarker to discriminate between coeliac disease and refractory coeliac disease: a proof of principle study. Biosensors https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios9020069 (2019).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"69142_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-01963-6","volume":"23","author":"E Mozdiak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mozdiak, E., Wicaksono, A. N., Covington, J. A. & Arasaradnam, R. P. Colorectal cancer and adenoma screening using urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) detection: early results from a single-centre bowel screening population (UK BCSP). Tech. Coloproctol. 23, 343\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-019-01963-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-69142-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-69142-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-69142-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T14:34:53Z","timestamp":1670337293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-69142-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["69142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-69142-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12153"}}